XV. Near Hahnville, Louisiana 188 XVI. Missouri 189 XVII. Fig. 1. Hunterdon County, N. J. Fig. 2. Near Pikeville, Tenn. 232 XVIII. Fig. 1. Washington. Fig. 2. California 233 XIX. Part of the Big Horn Range, Wyoming 286 XX. Section of the California Coast near San Mateo, Cal. 287 XXI. New Jersey 356 XXII. Fig. 1. Portion of South Coast of Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. Fig. 2. Portion of the California Coast near Tamalpais 357 XXIII. Fig. 1. Massachusetts. Fig. 2. Maine 364 XXIV. Portion of the Coast of Maine 365 TABLES. Analyses of American River-waters 106 Analyses of American Spring-waters 236 Analyses of the Waters of Inclosed Lakes 392 GEOLOGY CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OUTLINE. +Geology+ treats of the structure of the earth, of the various stages through which it has passed, and of the living beings that have dwelt upon it, together with the agencies and processes involved in the changes it has undergone. _Geology is essentially a history of the earth and its inhabitants._ It is one of the broadest of the sciences, and brings under consideration certain phases of nearly all the other sciences, particularly those of astronomy, physics, chemistry, zoology, and botany. It also embraces the earlier expressions of mental development and of life-relationships, chiefly as found in the lower animals.