+Work of the Waves+ 342 _Erosion_ 342 By waves and undertow, 342. _Topographic Features Developed by Wave Erosion_ 349 The sea-cliff, 349. Chimney rocks, etc., 350. Sea caves, 350. The wave-cut terrace, 351. Wave erosion and horizontal configuration, 353. _Transportation by Waves_ 354 _Deposition by Waves, Undertow, and Shore Currents_ 355 The beach, 355. The barrier, 356. The spit, the bar, and the loop, 357. Wave-built terraces, 363. _Effect of Shore Deposition on Coastal Configuration_ 363 +Summary of Coastal Irregularities+ 364 +The Work of Ocean-currents+ 366 +Deposits of the Ocean-bed+ 368 _Shallow-water Deposits_ 369 Littoral deposits, 369. Non-littoral, mechanical deposits in shallow water, 369. Characteristics of shallow-water deposits, 373. Topography of shallow-water deposits, 374. Chemical and organic deposits, 375. Limestone, 378. _Deep-sea Deposits_ 378 Contrasted with shallow-water deposits, 378. Sources, 380. Mechanical inorganic deposits, 380. Organic constituents of pelagic deposits, 382. Chemical deposits, 383. +Lakes+ 386 Changes taking place in lakes, 387. Lacustrine deposits, 388. Extinct lakes, 388. Lake ice, 389. Saline lakes, 391. Indirect effects of lakes, 392. Composition of lake waters, 392. CHAPTER VII. THE ORIGIN AND DESCENT OF ROCKS. +Composition of Igneous Rocks+ 395 Leading elements, 396. Union of elements, 397. Formation of minerals, 397. Sources of complexity, 398. The leading minerals of igneous rocks, 399. The feldspathic minerals, 400. The ferromagnesian minerals, 400. Summary of salient facts, 401. +The Nature of Molten Magmas+ 401 Time required in crystallization, 402. Successive stages of crystallization, 403. +The Fragmental Products of Sudden Cooling+ 404 Pyroclastic rocks, 404. +The Glassy Rocks+ 406 The solid glasses. 406. The first stages of crystallization, 407. The obsidians, 407. +Special Structures+ 410 Flow structure, 410. Amygdaloids, 411. +The Porphyritic Rocks+ 411