Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics; a Treatise of ArchimedesArchimedes
History
Geometrical Solutions Derived from Mechanics; a Treatise of Archimedes
Archimedes
Geometry -- Early works to 1800
Let a segment of a right conoid cut off by a plane perpendicular to
the axis be cut by another plane through the axis, and let the
intersection in its surface be the parabola $\alpha\beta\gamma$
[Fig.~5] and let the common line of intersection of the plane which
cut off the segment and of the intersecting plane be $\beta\gamma$;
let the axis of the segment and the diameter of the parabola
$\alpha\beta\gamma$ be $\alpha\delta$; produce $\delta\alpha$ so that
$\alpha\theta = \alpha\delta$ and imagine $\delta\theta$ to be a
scale-beam with its center at $\alpha$;
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{\small Fig.~5.}
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then inscribe a cone in the segment with the lateral boundaries
$\beta\alpha$ and $\alpha\gamma$ and in the parabola draw a straight
line $\xi o \| \beta\gamma$ and let it cut the parabola in $\xi$ and
$o$ and the lateral boundaries of the cone in $\pi$ and $\rho$. Now
because $\xi\sigma$ and $\beta\delta$ are drawn perpendicular to the
diameter of the parabola, $\delta\alpha : \alpha\sigma = \beta\delta^2
: \xi\sigma^2$ [\emph{Quadr. parab.} 3]. But $\delta\alpha :
\alpha\sigma = \beta\delta : \pi\sigma = \beta\delta^2 : \beta\delta
\times \pi\sigma$, therefore also $\beta\delta^2 : \xi\sigma^2 =
\beta\delta^2 : \beta\delta \times \pi\sigma$. Consequently
$\xi\sigma^2 = \beta\delta \times \pi\sigma$ and $\beta\delta :
\xi\sigma = \xi\sigma : \pi\sigma$, therefore $\beta\delta : \pi\sigma
= \xi\sigma^2 : \sigma\pi^2$. But $\beta\delta : \pi\sigma =
\delta\alpha : \alpha\sigma = \theta\alpha : \alpha\sigma$, therefore
also $\theta\alpha : \alpha\sigma = \xi\sigma^2 : \sigma\pi^2$. On
$\xi o$ construct a plane perpendicular to $\alpha\delta$; this will
intersect the segment of the right conoid in a circle whose diameter
is $\xi o$ and the cone in a circle whose diameter is $\pi\rho$. Now
because $\theta\alpha : \alpha\sigma = \xi\sigma^2 : \sigma\pi^2$ and
$\xi\sigma^2 : \sigma\pi^2$ = the circle with the diameter $\xi o$ :
the circle with the diameter $\pi\rho$, therefore $\theta\alpha :
\alpha\sigma$ = the circle whose diameter is $\xi o$ : the circle
whose diameter is $\pi\rho$. Therefore the circle whose diameter is
$\xi o$ will in its present position be in equilibrium at the point
$\alpha$ with the circle whose diameter is $\pi\rho$ when this is so
transferred to $\theta$ on the scale-beam that $\theta$ is its center
of gravity. Now since $\sigma$ is the center of gravity of the circle
whose diameter is $\xi o$ in its present position, and $\theta$ is the
center of gravity of the circle whose diameter is $\pi\rho$ if its
position is changed as we have said, and inversely $\theta\alpha :
\alpha\sigma$ = the circle with the diameter $\xi o$ : the circle with
the diameter $\pi\rho$, then the circles are in equilibrium at the
point $\alpha$. In the same way it can be shown that if another
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