HERMANSEN’S CONTINUOUS RECUPERATIVE 53 GLASS-MELTING FURNACE, 8-POT TYPE HERMANSEN FURNACE— FIG. A. SECTION THROUGH GAS PRODUCER 54 FIG. B. CROSS SECTION THROUGH GAS 55 PRODUCER FIG. SECTIONAL PLAN 56 “THE HARLINGTON” BOTTLE-MAKING MACHINE 79 GLASS WORKER’S CHAIR 81 GLASSWARE BLOWN IN MOULDS, FIG. A. AND 85 B. VERTICAL CRACKING-OFF MACHINE 87 FOUR STAGES IN CROWN GLASS MAKING (A, B, 90 C, D) SIX STAGES IN SHEET GLASS MAKING (A, B, 91 C, D, E, F) MACHINE FOR SMOOTHING BOTTOMS OF 110 TUMBLERS GLASS ENGRAVING 113 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ GLASS AND GLASS MANUFACTURE ------- CHAPTER I HISTORY The discovery of making glass is attributed to the early Phoenicians. Pliny relates that certain mariners who had a cargo of soda salt, having landed on the banks of a river in Palestine, started a fire to cook their food, and, not finding any stones to rest their pots on, they placed under them some lumps of the soda from their cargo. They found that the heat of their fire had melted the soda and fused it with the sand of the river bank, producing a transparent glass. The natives in the vicinity where this discovery was made in process of time carried on the practice of fusing sand with soda and other materials to make glass, until they succeeded in improving and bringing the art to a high degree of excellence. Discoveries amongst the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum present some first-rate examples of the skill attained by the ancients in glassmaking: glass was found to have been used there, admitting light into dwellings in the form of window glass. The ancient Egyptians have left us many distinct proofs that glassmaking was practised in Egypt. At the same time, the glazing of pottery was also carried out, proving that they knew the mode of mixing, fusing, and melting the proper ingredients for glassmaking. Among the tombs of Thebes many specimens of glass and glazed pottery beads have been found, which suggests a date about 3,500 years ago. From the Egyptians, the Greeks and Romans acquired the art of glassmaking, which in Nero’s time was so highly developed that clear crystal glasses were produced in the form of drinking cups and goblets, which superseded the use of gold cups and were much prized by the Emperor in those days.