[11] For the origin of this system see John K. Fairbank, "The Creation of the Foreign Inspectorate of Customs at Shanghai," _The Chinese Social and Political Science Review_ (Peiping), vol. 19, pp. 469 ff., 1935-1936. [12] Paul M. W. Linebarger, _Sun Yat Sen and the Chinese Republic_, New York, 1924. [13] See above, pp. 51 ff. [14] This program is very pithily put by Sun in his _Fundamentals of National Reconstruction_, issued the following year (to be found in M. T. Z. Tyau, _op. cit._ in note 3, pp. 439 ff., and L. S. Hsü, _Sun Yat-sen, His Political and Social Ideals_, pp. 85 ff., Los Angeles, 1933). The point is elaborated by Tsui Shu-chin, "The Influence of the Canton-Moscow Entente upon Sun Yat-sen's Political Philosophy," _The Chinese Social and Political Science Review_ (Peiping), vol. 18, pp. 177 ff., 1934; and Paul M. A. Linebarger, _The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen_, pp. 209-214, "The Three Stages of Revolution," Baltimore, 1937. See also Hou Yong-ling, _La vie politique et constitutionelle en Chine_, Peiping, 1935; Tsêng Yü-hao, _Modern Chinese Legal and Political Philosophy_, Shanghai, 1930. _Chapter_ VIII RECONSTRUCTION The National Government of China set up at Nanking in April, 1927, was not definitively organized until late that year. Chiang K'ai-shek had to resign from the government before the Left Kuomintang group would accept the regime. In the following year, with the return of Chiang and the adoption of a new constitution (Organic Law of the National Government), the Nanking government was more firmly established than any previous government since the death of Yüan Shih-k'ai. A high price had been paid for stability: Northern military leaders had been allowed to join it, much as those of the South had supported Sun Yat-sen ten years before. The break with the Communists meant stopping a vast agrarian-proletarian revolution midway in its course, at a cost of many lives. The Nationalists, thrust into the role of governors, could not avoid turning against many of those who had helped to put them in power but wished to continue the revolution. _The National Government of China_