CHAPTER II THE RISE OF NATIONALISM 31 Nationalism: Patriotic Anti-Manchu Phase 31 Nationalism: Revolutionary Modernist Phase 34 Nationalism: Republican Phase 36 Nationalism: Constitutionalist Phase 38 The Political Doctrines of Sun Yat-sen 41 Opportunist Movements and Their Anticonstitutional Effects 44 Christianity as a Political Force 48 Nationalism: Social Revolutionary Phase 50 CHAPTER III BATTLING CREEDS 57 Nationalism: Governing Phase 57 Independent Marxism in China 63 Japanese Efforts to Participate in Creating a New China 69 Patriotism: The United Front 72 SECOND PART ARMIES CHAPTER IV WARRIORS 76 Military Rule and Political Economy 76 The Downfall of the Charioteers 79 Military Elements in Chinese Imperial History 83 The Military Organization of the Manchu Dynasty 86 The Army and the Republican Revolution 97 CHAPTER V CAUSES 102 The Age of the War Lords 102 The Age of Air Conquest 108 Governmental and Political Role of the Armies 113 War and the Agrarian Economy 115 Imperialism and Chinese Wars 119 THIRD PART GOVERNMENTS CHAPTER VI THE EMPIRE 126 Government to the End of the Warring States 126 The Chinese Imperial Government 129 Family, Village, and _Hui_ 136 Governmental Changes Foreshadowing the Republic 139 CHAPTER VII THE REVOLUTION 145 The Presidency of Sun Yat-sen and the Republican Revolution 145 The Parliamentary Republic 149 The Presidential Dictatorship of Yüan Shih-k'ai 152 The Phantom Republic in Peking 155 The Governments of Sun Yat-sen in Canton 160 The Nationalist Government, Soviet in Form 162