Great captains : $b A course of six lectures showing the influence on the art of war of the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick, and NapoleonDodge, Theodore Ayrault
History
Great captains : $b A course of six lectures showing the influence on the art of war of the campaigns of Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus Adolphus, Frederick, and Napoleon
Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
Alexander, the Great, 356 B.C.-323 B.C. -- Military leadership; Caesar, Julius -- Military leadership; Frederick II, King of Prussia, 1712-1786; Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, 1594-1632; Hannibal, 247 B.C.-182 B.C.; Military biography; Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821 -- Military leade
When the Macedonian squadrons reached the ground, and the king rode out
to reconnoitre, he saw that he must wait for his infantry, and began
manœuvring with his horse, to hold himself till the phalanx came up.
Had Porus at once advanced on him, he could easily have swept him away.
But that he did not do so was of a part with Alexander’s uniform good
fortune. The phalanx came up at a lively gait, and the king gave it a
breathing-spell, while he kept Porus busy by small demonstrations.
The latter, with his elephants, and three to one of men, simply bided
his time, calmly confident of the result. Alexander yielded honest
admiration to the skill of Porus’ dispositions, and his forethought in
opposing the elephants to his own strong arm, the cavalry.
The Macedonians had advanced with their right leaning on the river.
Despite the elephants, Alexander must use his horse, if he expected
to win. In this arm he outnumbered the enemy. He could not attack in
front, nor, indeed, await the onset of the elephants and chariots. With
the instinct of genius, and confident that his army could manœuvre with
thrice the rapidity of Porus, as well as himself think and act still
more quickly, he determined to attack the Indian left in force. He
despatched Coenus with a body of heavy horse by a circuit against the
enemy’s right, with instructions, if Porus’ cavalry of that wing should
be sent to the assistance of the left, to charge in on the naked flank
and rear of the Indian infantry. He himself with the bulk and flower of
the horse, sustained by the more slowly moving phalanx, made an oblique
movement towards Porus’ left. The Indian king at first supposed that
Alexander was merely uncovering his infantry, to permit it to advance
to the attack, and as such an attack would be playing into Porus’
hands, he awaited results. This, again, was Alexander’s salvation. It
left him the offensive. Porus had not yet perceived Coenus’ march, the
probably rolling ground had hidden it, and he ordered his right-flank
cavalry over to sustain that of the left, towards which flank Alexander
was moving. The phalanx, once uncovered, Alexander ordered forward,
but not to engage until the wings had been attacked, so as to
neutralize the elephants and the chariots.
These dispositions gave the Macedonian line the oblique order of
Epaminondas, with left refused. Alexander had used the same order
at Issus and Arbela. As he rode forward, he pushed out the Daan
horse-bowmen to skirmish with the Indian left, while he, in their
rear, by a half wheel, could gain ground to the right sufficient to
get beyond and about the enemy’s flank, with the heavy squadrons of
Hephæstion and Perdiccas. The Indian horse seems to have been misled
by what Alexander was doing,--it probably could not understand the
Macedonian tactics,--for it was not well in hand, and had advanced out
of supporting distance from the infantry.
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