ALEXANDER, HANNIBAL, CÆSAR, GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, FREDERICK, AND NAPOLEON BY THEODORE AYRAULT DODGE _Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel United States Army, Retired List. Author of “The Campaign of Chancellorsville;” “A Bird’s-eye View of Our Civil War;” “Patroclus and Penelope--A Chat in the Saddle,” etc., etc., etc._ [Illustration] BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge Copyright, 1889 BY THEODORE A. DODGE _All rights reserved_ TO John Codman Ropes IN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF MANY ACTS OF FRIENDSHIP AND HELPFULNESS AND IN GENUINE APPRECIATION OF HIS ACUMEN AS A MILITARY CRITIC AND HIS FELICITY AS AN AUTHOR THESE PAGES ARE INSCRIBED WITH CORDIAL ESTEEM BY THE AUTHOR PREFACE. The following lectures were delivered in Boston, under the auspices of the Lowell Institute, in January, 1889. Their conciseness needs but the apology of scant time. Little can be said about Alexander or Napoleon within the limit of an hour. The sketches are of necessity meagre. They are a summary in part of a larger work, of which the author hopes soon to begin the publication, in which a volume will be devoted to each great captain, and mention made of other soldiers who have contributed to the growth of the art of war. The lectures aim to indicate briefly what we owe to the great captains, and to draw an intelligible outline of their careers, which may be filled in by reference to the extended narratives of others. Historical detail often assumes prominence in the mind to the exclusion of general form. It is the latter which it is attempted to portray. It is generally admitted that Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Frederick, and Napoleon belong in a class by themselves. Some may claim for Marlborough or Prince Eugene an equality with Gustavus Adolphus. But, mindful that Gustavus was the first to rescue methodical war from the oblivion of the Middle Ages, and that he originated the modern system,--the art appears to owe that to him which entitles him to greater rank, though, indeed, the achievements of others may have reached or even exceeded the height of his. All sources of information have been utilized, from Arrian’s Anabasis of Alexander to Jomini’s Life of Napoleon. Among quite recent works, special thanks are due to the exhaustive History of War of Prince Galitzin, and the Studies of Count von Wartenburg. CONTENTS