LECTURE I. PAGE ALEXANDER 1 LECTURE II. HANNIBAL 38 LECTURE III. CÆSAR 73 LECTURE IV. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS 107 LECTURE V. FREDERICK 142 LECTURE VI. NAPOLEON 178 LIST OF MAPS. PAGE PARALLEL ORDER 3 THE BATTLE OF THYMBRA, B.C. 545 4 BEFORE THE BATTLE OF MARATHON 6 THE GREEK MANŒUVRE AT MARATHON 7 THE BATTLE OF LEUCTRA, B.C. 371 9 CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER, B.C. 334 TO 323 15 THE BATTLE OF THE HYDASPES, B.C. 326 17 HANNIBAL’S FLANK MARCH, B.C. 217 43 THE BATTLE OF CANNÆ, B.C. 216, I 47 THE BATTLE OF CANNÆ, B.C. 216, II 53 CAPUA, B.C. 211 63 GAUL 75 THE CIVIL WAR 89 THE CAMPAIGN OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS IN GERMANY, A.D. 1630–1–2 120 MAP FOR THE SEVEN-YEARS WAR 145 LEUTHEN, DEC. 5, 1757 155 1796 180 THE MARENGO CAMPAIGN 187 THE ULM-AUSTERLITZ CAMPAIGN 189 THE JENA CAMPAIGN 194 THE WATERLOO CAMPAIGN 209 LECTURE I. ALEXANDER. The earliest history is but a record of wars. Peace had no events stirring enough to call for record. It was the conflict of heroes which inspired the oldest and still greatest of poems. As the more intelligent peoples were, as a rule, the victors, the march of civilization followed in the footsteps of war up to very recent times. The history of war has been carefully recorded for nearly twenty-five centuries, but the science of war, in a written form, dates back less than one hundred years.