Produced by Turgut Dincer, David King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.) Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals GREEK ATHLETIC SPORTS AND FESTIVALS BY E. NORMAN GARDINER, M.A. SOMETIME CLASSICAL EXHIBITIONER OF C.C.C., OXON. ΜΗΔΕΝ ΑΓΑΝ MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON 1910 TO F. E. THOMPSON IN GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ALL THAT THE AUTHOR IN COMMON WITH MANY ANOTHER MARLBURIAN OWES TO HIS TEACHING, HIS SYMPATHY AND HIS FRIENDSHIP PREFACE It is my hope that the present volume may prove of interest to the general reader as well as to the student of the past. For though its subject may seem at first sight purely archaeological, many of the problems with which it deals are as real to us to-day as they were to the Greeks. The place of physical training and of games in education, the place of athletics in our daily life and in our national life, are questions of present importance to us all, and in considering these questions we cannot fail to learn something from the athletic history of a nation which for a time at least succeeded in reconciling the rival claims of body and of mind, and immortalized this result in its art. This is my first and perhaps my chief justification for the length of this volume. My second is that there is no existing work in English on the subject, nor even in the extensive literature which Germany has produced is there any work of quite the same scope. The _Gymnastik u. Agonistik_ of J. H. Krause is a masterpiece of erudition, accuracy and judgment. But this work was published in 1841, and since that date excavation and the progress of archaeology have brought to light such a mass of new material as to change entirely our outlook on the past. The excavations at Olympia have for the first time enabled us to trace the whole history of the festival and to treat Greek athletics historically.