Transcriber’s Notes: Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ in the original text. Carat symbol “^” designates a superscript. Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. Typographical errors have been silently corrected. CHAPTERS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE GENERAL EDITOR CHARLES SINGER I GREEK BIOLOGY & GREEK MEDICINE BY CHARLES SINGER OXFORD At the CLARENDON PRESS 1922 Oxford University Press _London_ _Edinburgh_ _Glasgow_ _Copenhagen_ _New York_ _Toronto_ _Melbourne_ _Cape Town_ _Bombay_ _Calcutta_ _Madras_ _Shanghai_ Humphrey Milford Publisher to the UNIVERSITY 2540.1 PRINTED IN ENGLAND. PREFACE This little book is an attempt to compress into a few pages an account of the general evolution of Greek biological and medical knowledge. The section on _Aristotle_ appears here for the first time. The remaining sections are reprinted from articles contributed to a volume _The Legacy of Greece_ edited by Mr. R. W. Livingstone, the only changes being the correction of a few errors and the addition of some further references to the literature. In quoting from the great Aristotelian biological treatises, the _History of Animals_, the _Parts of Animals_, and the _Generation of Animals_, I have usually availed myself of the text of the Oxford translation edited by Mr. W. D. Ross. For the _De anima_ I have used the version of Mr. R. D. Hicks. I have to thank my friends Mr. R. W. Livingstone, Dr. E. T. Withington, and Mr. J. D. Beazley for a number of suggestions. To my colleague Professor Arthur Platt I have to record my gratitude not only for much help in the writing of these chapters but also for his kindness and patience in reading and rereading the work both in manuscript and proof. I am specially indebted, moreover, to the notes appended to his translation of the _Generation of Animals_. C. S. UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON. _March 1922._ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS GREEK BIOLOGY FIGURE PAGE 1. Lioness and young, from an Ionian vase of the sixth century B. C. 7 2. A, Jaw bones of lion; B, head of lioness from Caere vase 7