2. Demetrius Poliorcetes--the adventurer, 219. 3. Antigonus and Demetrius not really kings of Macedon, 220. V. ANTIGONUS GONATAS 222-234 1. Training got in Greece and Macedon, 222. 2. Peace with Asia and Egypt, 223. _a._ Inroad of Pyrrhus, 223. 3. Protected Greece from northern barbarians, 224. 4. Governs Greece by "tyrannies," 224. 5. Stoic justification of "tyranny," 225. 6. Ptolemy Philadelphus opposes Antigonus in Greece, 226. 7. Rise of the _ethne_, 228. 8. Struggle with Egypt for sea power, 229. _a._ Aratus seizes Sicyon: Alexander rebels, 230. _b._ The Laodicean War saves Antigonus, 231. _c._ Possessions of Antigonus at end of struggle, 233. VI. POSITION OF ACHÆA, ÆTOLIA, AND EGYPT AT THE END OF STRUGGLE 234 VII. THE FEDERAL MOVEMENT 235-240 1. _Ethne_ become leagues, 236. 2. The city-state the federal unit, 237. 3. The league lacks an _hegemon_, 238. 4. Monarchical traits, 239. 5. Relation of federal to local authorities, 239. VIII. DEMETRIUS II 240-241 1. War with Achæans and Ætolians, 241. IX. FALL OF THE ACHÆAN LEAGUE 241-242 1. Treachery of the Ætolians, 241. 2. Desertion of Egypt, 242. 3. Policy of Antigonus Doson, 242. 4. Cleomenes of Sparta, 242. X. THE HELLENIC LEAGUE OF ANTIGONUS DOSON 242-245 1. Leagues, not cities, the units, 243. 2. Macedon a unit, 243. 3. League assemblies recognized as sovereign authorities, 244. 4. Military weakness, 244. XI. PHILIP IV AND THE LEAGUE 245-248 1. The Social War, 246. 2. The Roman peril: speech of Agelaus of Naupactus, 246. 3. End of Hellenic independence, 248. GREEK IMPERIALISM GREEK IMPERIALISM I IMPERIALISM AND THE CITY-STATE It is my purpose in this opening chapter to define some terms which I shall have to use repeatedly in the book; to make a somewhat detailed examination of the character of the Greek states whose political integrity was threatened by imperialism; to trace the development of imperialism to its culmination in the divine monarchy of Alexander the Great and his successors; and, at the same time, to arrange a general political setting for the topics to be discussed in the six succeeding chapters. * * * * * An empire is a state formed by the rule of one state over other states. It is immaterial in this connection what form of government the ruling people prefers. Power may be exercised there by a monarchy, an oligarchy, or a majority without altering in any essential the relation of the sovereign to its dependencies. Still less does it matter whether the subject people is governed by the one, the few, or the many; for all kinds of governments may exist, and have existed, in dependencies.