Concentrations of calcite are found in loess deposits. They may look like bizarre, knobby figurines, and the Germans called them loess kindchen (little children of the loess). Ironstone concretions, especially common in many Illinois shales, are formed by a local concentration of the mineral siderite (iron carbonate) in the rock. The concretions found in weathered outcrops commonly are partly or entirely weathered to limonite. Some ironstone concretions grow together into odd shapes. Mazon Creek ironstone concretions of northeastern Illinois, world famous for their fossils, are sideritic. The concretions are commonly covered with limonite, the result of oxidation. Limonite concretions, generally with a high content of clay, silt, or sand, occur in loess, shale, and sandstone. Concretions of chert and other forms of silica are common in limestones. In many places, because of their greater resistance to weathering, lenses and nodules of chert protrude from the beds. Pyrite or marcasite occur as concretions or concretion-like masses in some coal beds and in the black shales, sometimes popularly called “slates,” above coal beds. Some other Pennsylvanian clays and shales also contain concretions or coarsely crystalline aggregates of these minerals. GEODES (33) GEODES are roughly spherical bodies that may be filled with layers of minerals, lined with crystals, or both. The outer layer of geodes found in Illinois as a rule is composed of chalcedony, a form of finely crystalline silica. Geodes differ from concretions in that they form inward from the outer shell, whereas concretions develop outward from a center. Even if geodes have been completely filled by mineral matter, their inward-projecting crystals prove that they formed within a cavity. In a partly filled cavity, crystals generally are well formed because they grew without being crowded. Some of the best mineral specimens known in Illinois are found as crystal linings in geodes. [Illustration: uncaptioned] Quartz is the most common mineral deposited in geodes, but calcite, aragonite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite, galena, fluorite, and sphalerite also are found. Geodes ranging in size from less than one inch to a foot or more in diameter can be gathered from streams where they have accumulated as residual boulders after the rock in which they were enclosed has been eroded. Hollow geodes are the most desirable because they have better crystals. They can be distinguished from solid ones by their comparative lightness of weight. Geodes are commonly associated with limestone and dolomite, at some places with shale. In Illinois they can be found most easily in the Warsaw Formation in the area of Nauvoo, Hamilton, and Warsaw, but they also occur in other areas and other formations. ANIMAL FOSSILS (34)