On the left of this Plate chickens are being handed to the diners on
spits, a spit apparently being provided for each guest. A knife is on
the left table, also a piece of flat round bread, the common shape in
which bread was made during that period. Spoons and forks were
practically unknown at the time, and though two rough forks can be seen
on a 12th century manuscript, the “Hortus deliciarum” of Herrad von
Landsberg, they remain rare even in high society till the 16th century.
Jean Sulpice writes as follows in 1480 on “La Civilité”:--“Prends la
viande avec trois doigts et ne rempli pas la bouche de trop gros
morceaux.” A round bowl is on the table and one of the men drinks out of
a large horn. These drinking horns were particularly popular in England,
where practically no wine was drunk and mead was the favourite liquor.
They were the same shape as musical horns with some form of stopper at
the small end. Two horns of this kind are exhibited among the Ivories
(Room 8) in this Museum (Nos. 7593, 8035-1862). A fine Rhenish drinking
horn is in the British Museum, of which a good illustration is given in
the article on Drinking Vessels in the “Encyclopædia Britannica.” The
British Museum also possesses a Scandinavian horn, illustrated on page
100 of the British Museum Guide to the Mediæval Department. The famous
horn of Ulphus (“Homes of Other Days,” p. 43) is in the Treasury of York
Cathedral. Readers may remember in Boswell’s “Tour to the Hebrides” how
“we looked at Rorie More’s horn, which is a large cow’s horn, with the
mouth of it ornamented with silver and curiously carved. It holds rather
more than a bottle and a half. Every Laird of McLeod, it is said, must,
as a proof of his manhood, drink it full of claret without laying it
down.” (Journal for Wednesday, Sept. 18th.)
These horns were not so universal in France, some forms of goblet being
in use even during the 8th and 9th centuries, one such being seen on the
right-hand end of the main table, where sit the Bishop and those of
higher rank. By the 14th century horns seem to have gone completely out
of use.
On this right-hand table is a goodly array of knives, goblets and plates
of various sizes; some pieces of the Norman pottery shown here are in
the British Museum. The figure on the extreme right of this table,
though occupying such an honoured place near the Bishop, is tearing a
fish to pieces and thrusting it into his mouth with his fingers.
The figure coming towards the table holding a porringer is the
cup-bearer and wine-taster, a prominent figure at every banquet. It is
difficult to be certain as to the nature of the other object he is
holding in his hand, but it may be a napkin, which was handed round to
the most important people that they might wipe their fingers after the
repast.
PLATE IX.
Odo. William. Robert.
This scene shows three portraits, William the Conqueror being in the
centre, with Bishop Odo on his left and on his right Count Robert of
Normandy.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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