Four (so-called) sulphurs are mentioned by both Pliny and the writers of the _Liber Ignium_, but their names are identical in only one case, _sulphur vivum_. Two sulphurs are named in the tract from their colour, after the oriental fashion, _sulphur splendidum_ and _sulphur croceum_. Masudi speaks in the tenth century of “white, yellow, and other kinds of sulphur,”[160] and “white and red sulphur” are mentioned in the _Ayin Acberi_, a Persian MS. quoted by the Baron de Sacy.[161] Several sulphurs, all named from their colour, are given in the _Liber Secretorum_, translated from the Arabic or Persian, _cir._ 1000 A.D.,[162] and similar sulphurs are found in the Syriac treatise reproduced by M. Berthelot, ii. 159-60. Finally, the Hindus had four sulphurs, white, red, yellow, and black.[163] The Arabs had no special word for bitumen: _bitumen_ is not to be found in the tract. _Alkitran_, the Spanish _alquitran_, which is used five times, is pure Arabic, القطران (_al-qitran_). In three successive recipes we meet an Arabic word in its native form, without any attempt to translate it—زنبق (_zembaq_). Its meaning is doubtful, for a reason given by Baron de Sacy: “Le nom zambak est commun à plusieurs plantes. Forskål le donne à _l’iris_ et au _lis blanc_.”[164] We have already met with two Arabic words which were adopted unchanged, and are still used, by the Spaniards, alembic and alkitran. There are other traces of Spain. Roger Bacon observes in his “Greek Grammar” (p. 92) that the alloy _auricalcum_ is in no way connected with _aurum_, gold, but is a corruption of _orichalcum_. The Spaniards, however, retained in their language the corrupt form auricalco, and auricalcum occurs twice in the tract. We may gather from Lebrixa’s explanation of “bitumen Judaicum”—“est quod græce dicitur asphaltos”[165]—that the Spaniards had no special word for asphalt; _asphaltum_ is used only once in the tract, recipe 10. But they used _petroleo_ for petroleum;[166] _petroleum_ is found in recipes 2, 10, and 26. This word, in the form _petra oleum_, is used in the Anglo-Saxon “Leechdoms,” published in the Rolls Series, which Rev. O. Cockayne, the editor, dates at 900; ii. 289. The Spaniards did not use the word _naphtha_, which is described by Lebrixa as “el fuego como de alquitran.” _Naphtha_ does not occur in the tract, although it is found in Latin and Greek authors of the first and second centuries A.D.; in Pliny’s “Natural History,” ii. 109 (105); in Dioskorides, i. 101; and in Plutarch’s “Alexander,” 35. It appears as _naphathe_ in the “Speculum” of Vincentius Bellovacensis, 1228; _l._ i. _c._ 92. The commonest Spanish word for one or other of the asphalt family, _alquitran_, occurs (as before mentioned) five times in the tract.