A 91% 49% 49% 13.3%
B 97 91 83 28
C 95 67 30 16.6
D 93.3 69 24.5 11.2
E 96.6 83.3 13.3 26.6
F 88.8 30 53.3 8.3
H 91.6 70 26.6 10
Table I answers the first part of our first problem promptly. Every
subject gave judgments of the order certainty (1) about groups other
than that attended to, in the case of a very considerable percentage of
the cards. True, again in the case of a considerable (though generally
smaller) percentage of those cards, each subject confined his judgments
to the group attended to. The fact of individual variation stands out
again here; and, moreover, the conclusions drawn should be qualified
slightly because of the fact that it was often possible for the
subjects to give all the letters and numerals on the cards, and still
have, as it were, some attention left over for the other, supposedly
non-attended-to groups. Such reaching beyond the properly attended-to
group never seemed to be possible with either shapes or colors. Aside
from this, however, it is clear that judgments of the highest grade of
certainty were by no means limited to the group attended to.
This same table answers, also, the second part of the problem. Each
subject found certainty of the highest grade sometimes stronger outside
than within the group which held his attention. It is, of course,
practically impossible to make absolutely certain that each subject's
attention was invariably held to the group toward which it was turned,
yet the percentage where certainty was stronger outside than within
such groups seems large enough, in some cases, at least, as with
subjects A, B, and H, to warrant our answering this second part of the
problem in the negative. I should feel, however, that this was answered
less definitely than was the first part of the problem. We may say,
then, that the judgments made with the highest degree of certainty
about a visual field will not be confined to the group attended to, and
that we have strong evidence pointing toward the belief that we cannot
expect there will invariably be more of such judgments within the group
attended to than outside it.
TABLE II
# 1: % of judgments of certainty
(1) given to each group in phase
I (or when shapes were attended to).
# 2: % of judgments of certainty
(1) given to each group in phase
II (or when colors were attended to).
# 3: % of judgments of certainty
(1) given to each group in phase
III (or when letters and numerals
were attended to).
# 4: % of judgments of certainty
(1) given to each group in phase
IV (or when the attention was
equally distributed over all the
groups).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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