(1) The two most important positions in the sentence are the beginning and the end. (2) Special emphasis is expressed by placing a word in an unusual or prominent position. E.g. here, the unusual position of +Archimedis+ and +sepulcrum+. (3) In the middle of the sentence the arrangement is such that the words most closely connected in meaning stand nearest together. E.g. here, +ignoratum ... dumetis+ is all logically connected with the object +sepulcrum+, which for the sake of emphasis is put in an unusual position at the end of the sentence. +13. Additional Hints.+--(1) Remember that Latin is often +concrete+ where English is +abstract+. E.g.-- +ingeniosi+ (men of genius) = _genius_. +eruditi+ } (learned men) = _learning_. +docti+ } +viri summo ingenio praediti, saepe invidia opprimuntur.+ _The most exalted genius is frequently overborne by envy._ +omnes immemorem benefici oderunt.+ _The world regards ingratitude with hatred._ (2) The same Latin word may stand for different English words. Take, for example, the various uses of the word +RES+ in the following passage of Livy, xlv. 19:-- [7]+Ut RES docuit . . . animo gestienti REBUS secundis . . . speculator RERUM quae a fratre agerentur . . . REM prope prolapsam restituit . . . aliis alia regna crevisse REBUS dicendo.+ _As the +FACT+ showed . . . spirits running riot from +PROSPERITY+ . . . to watch the +COURSE+ pursued by his brother . . . he restored what was almost a lost +CAUSE+ . . . by saying that kingdoms grow by various +MEANS+._ [Footnote 7: Postgate, _Sermo Latinus_, p. 34.] In translating +RES+, +avoid at all costs+ the word +THING+, or +THINGS+, and let the context guide you to the appropriate English word. (3) You may often translate a +Latin Active by an English Passive+. Latin prefers the Active because it is more direct and vivid. For example:-- +Liberas aedes coniurati sumpserunt.+ _An empty house had been occupied by the conspirators._ (4) Use great care in translating Latin +Participles+, and make clear in your translation the relation of the participial enlargements to the action of the main Verb. For example:-- concessive: +Romani, non ROGATI, auxilium offerunt.+ _The Romans, +though they were not asked+, offer help._ final: +Fortuna superbos interdum RUITURA levat.+ _Fortune sometimes raises the proud, only +to dash them down+._ causal: +S. Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum APPETENTEM interemit.+ _S. Ahala killed Sp. Maelius +for aiming at+ the royal power._ Notice also:-- +Pontem captum incendit+ _He took and burned the bridge._ +Nescio quem prope adstantem interrogavi.+ _I questioned someone who was standing by._ +Haec dixit moriens+ _He said this while dying._ +Nuntiata clades+ _The news of the disaster._