+primipili+ = the chief centurion of the +triarii+ (the third, veteran line of the legion), the +primipilus+, or +primus pilus+. So Livy vii. 41, ‘+primus centurio erat, quem nunc (centurionem) primi pili appellant+.’ +cognomine+, _i.e._ +co-nomen+, a name _added_ to the +nomen+, a title, epithet, _e.g._: +Publius+ = the distinctive +praenomen+. +Scipio+ = +nomen+, designating his +gens+. +Africanus+ = +cognomen+. (ii.) _Translation._--The form of this sentence is quite simple. The subject is +M. Centenius+, with which +insignis+ agrees. _There was a certain M. Centenius, by surname Penula, distinguished among the first-rank_ (or _chief_) _centurions_ (of the Triarii) _both for his great bodily size and courage._ +III.+ +Is perfunctus militia, per P. Cornelium Sullam praetorem in senatum introductus, petit a Patribus, uti sibi quinque milia militum darentur.+ (i.) _Vocabulary._-- +perfunctus+, cf. _function_, and notice force of +per+ = discharge _completely_. (ii.) _Translation._--The principal verb is clearly +petit+, and +is+ is the only possible subject (= +Centenius+), with which +introductus+ agrees. There is one subordinate clause, introduced by +ut+, telling us the object of his request. Translate, first literally, _He having discharged completely his military service, being introduced into the Senate by P. C. Sulla, the Praetor, asks the Fathers that 5000 soldiers should be given him_. Now improve this: get rid at all costs of the _having_ and _being_, which are not English, and change the _asks_ into the past tense of narration. Thus:-- _After he had completed his term of service, and had been introduced to the Senate by P. Corn. Sulla, the Praetor, he petitioned the Fathers that 5000 soldiers should be given him._ +IV.+ +Se peritum et hostis et regionum, brevi operae pretium facturum: et, quibus artibus ad id locorum nostri et duces et exercitus capti forent, iis adversus inventorem usurum.+ (i.) _Vocabulary._-- +peritum+, cf. _ex-peri-enced_. √+par-+, +per-+, _pierce_, _go through_; so, +ex-per-ior+, +per-iculum+, in sense of a _trial_. +operae pretium+ = lit. ‘_what will pay for the trouble_,’ _i.e. worth while_, _i.e._ worth the _time_ (or _labour_) spent upon it. +artibus--ars.+ √+ar+ = _fit_, _join_ = skill in joining something, skill in producing; so, _artist_, _artisan_, _artifice_, etc. +ad id locorum+[13] = _to that point of time_. The ideas of _place_ and _time_ readily interchange; so, +in loco+ = at the right _place_ or _time_. [Footnote 13: Cf. Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 63 _Tamen is_ +ad id locorum+ _talis vir_ = _Such was his character up to this time_.]