Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation: A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age."Hale, Horatio
History
Hiawatha and the Iroquois Confederation: A Study in Anthropology. A Paper Read at the Cincinnati Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in August, 1881, under the Title of "A Lawgiver of the Stone Age."
Hale, Horatio
Hiawatha, active 15th century; Iroquois Indians
The Onondagas lay next to the Oneidas. To them, or rather to their
terrible chief, the next application was made. The first meeting of
Atotarho and Dekanawidah is a notable event in Iroquois history. At a
later day, a native artist sought to represent it in an historical
picture, which has been already referred to. Atotarho is seated in
solitary and surly dignity, smoking a long pipe, his head and body
encircled with contorted and angry serpents. Standing before him are two
figures which cannot be mistaken. The foremost, a plumed and cinctured
warrior, depicted as addressing the Onondaga chief, holds in his right
hand, as a staff, his flint-headed spear,--the ensign which marks him as
the representative of the Kanienga, or "People of the Flint,"--for so the
Mohawks style themselves. Behind him another plumed figure bears in his
hand a bow with arrows, and at his shoulder a quiver. Divested of its
mythological embellishments, the picture rudely represents the interview
which actually took place. The immediate result was unpromising. The
Onondaga chief coldly refused to entertain the project, which he had
already rejected when proposed by Hiawatha. The ambassadors were not
discouraged. Beyond the Onondagas were scattered the villages of the
Cayugas, a people described by the Jesuit missionaries, at a later day,
as the most mild and tractable of the Iroquois. They were considered an
offshoot of the Onondagas, to whom they bore the same filial relation
which the Oneidas bore to the Mohawks. The journey of the advocates of
peace through the forest to the Cayuga capital, and their reception, are
minutely detailed in the traditionary narrative. The Cayugas, who had
suffered from the prowess and cruelty of the Onondaga chief, needed
little persuasion. They readily consented to come into the league, and
their chief, Akahenyonk, "the wary spy," joined the Mohawk and Oneida
representatives in a new embassy to the Onondagas. Acting probably upon
the advice of Hiawatha, who knew better than any other the character of
the community and the chief with whom they had to deal, they made
proposals highly flattering to the self-esteem which was the most notable
trait of both ruler and people. The Onondagas should be the leading
nation of the confederacy. Their chief town should be the federal
capital, where the great councils of the league should be held, and where
its records should be preserved. The nation should be represented in the
council by fourteen senators, while no other nation should have more than
ten. And as the Onondagas should be the leading tribe, so Atotarho
should be the leading chief. He alone should have the right of summoning
the federal council, and no act of the council to which he objected
should be valid. In other words, an absolute veto was given to him. To
enhance his personal dignity two high chiefs were appointed as his
special aids and counsellors, his "secretaries of state," so to speak.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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