Gabriele el de Troomaxiaquino, Xiomato, Axol, Comitría, Quiotracó, y mas, la Cibdad de Sant Francisco de los Españoles, que al presente se Edifican." [54] _Obediencia y Vasallaje á Su Magestad por los Indios de Santo-Domingo._ Id., p. 102. July 7, 1598. _Obediencia, etc., de S. Joan Baptista_, pp. 112, 115, "los Chiguas ó Tiguas." [55] _Apuntamientos que sobre el Terreno hizo el Padre José Amando Niel, Documentos para la Historia de México_, 3a série, vol. i. pp. 98, 99: "Estan pobladas junto á la sierra de Puruai que toma el nombre del principal pueblo que se llama así, y orilla del gran rio." There were then three pueblos: San-Pedro, "rio abajo de Puruai;" Santiago, "rio arriba." Puaray was destroyed and in ruins in 1711. It was here that Father Augustin Ruiz was killed in 1581. Fray Gerónimo de Zarate Salmeron, _Relacion_, etc., p. 10. Fray Agustin de Vetancurt, _Menologio Franciscano_, pp. 412, 413. Jean Blaeu, _Douzième livre de la Géographie Blaviane_, Amsterdam, 1667, p. 62, calls the Tiguas "Tebas," and says they had "quinze bourgades." Vetancurt, _Menologio_, but principally _Crónica de la provincia del Santo Evangelio de México_, gives the Tiguas, before 1680, the following stations and pueblos: Isleta, Alameda, Puray, and Sandia, pp. 310-313. [56] _Relacion_, etc., p. 10. [57] A. S. Gatschet, _Zwölf Sprachen aus dem Südwesten Nord-Amerika's_, Weímar, 1876, p. 41. [58] Castañeda, i. cap. xix. p. 116. [59] Simpson, _Coronadó's March_, pp. 336. [60] Castañeda, i. cap. xiii. p. 76. [61] _Spanish Conquest_, cap. xxiii. p. 180, note 5, p. 181, note 6. [62] Castañeda, p. 76. [63] Isleta is probably a modern _pueblo_, that is one erected since 1598 and previous to 1680, and I shall treat it as such till I am better informed. The description by Vetancurt ("_Crónica_," etc., trat. iii. cap. v. pp. 310 and 311, as in the year 1680) is characteristic: "Fórmase un rio de la nieve que se derrite, que con el rio Norte cercan un campo de cinco leguas ... Es el paso para las provincias de Acoma, Zunias, Moqui ..." In a straight line, the distance from Bernalillo is about twenty-five miles. [64] p. 76. "Le général remonta ensuite la rivière, et visita toute la province jusqu'à ce qu'il fut arrivé à Tiguex." [65] p. 76. "Ils apprirent qu'en descendant la rivière ils trouveraient encore d'autres villages." [66] Castañeda, ii. cap. iv. p. 168. [67] Cap. vi. p. 182, part ii. In looking at the map, it will be seen that Bernalillo is, indeed, a central point. Along the Rio Grande it is almost at equal distances from Taos at the north, and Socorro at the south, whereas it is little further (in an east-westerly line) from Bernalillo to Zuñi, than from Bernalillo to the plains. The accuracy of Castañeda becomes more and more wonderful, the closer his narrative is studied and compared with the country itself. His distance exceeds the bee-line regularly almost by one-third; a very natural fact, since he computes the lengths from the routes taken.