II. THE VARIOUS MORAL STANDARDS 101 PART II. THE ETHICS OF BUDDHISM: AN IDEAL OF SELF-CONQUEST AND UNIVERSAL BENEVOLENCE 106 I. THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS OF THE SYSTEM 106 II. THE IDEAL 110 III. SOME EXPRESSIONS OF THE ETHICAL SPIRIT OF BUDDHISM 115 VIII. THE ETHICS OF ZOROASTRIANISM: AN IDEAL OF COMBAT 123 I. PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS IDEAS WHICH CREATED THE ETHICAL TYPE 123 II. THE IDEAL 126 III. THE PRACTICE 131 IX. THE MORAL EVOLUTION IN ISRAEL: AN IDEAL OF OBEDIENCE TO A REVEALED LAW 135 I. THE RELIGIOUS BASIS OF HEBREW MORALITY 135 II. THE EVOLUTION OF THE MORAL IDEAL 140 1. The Development up to the Exile 140 2. The Morality of the Prophets of the Exile 157 3. The Moral Life in the Postexilic Age 162 X. THE MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS OF HELLAS: AN IDEAL OF SELF-REALIZATION 169 I. INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS DETERMINING THE MORAL TYPE 169 II. THE IDEAL 174 III. LIMITATIONS AND DEFECTS OF THE IDEAL 179 IV. THE MORAL EVOLUTION 185 XI. ROMAN MORALS: AN IDEAL OF CIVIC DUTY 212 I. INSTITUTIONS AND CONDITIONS OF LIFE DETERMINING THE EARLY MORAL TYPE 212 II. THE PRIMITIVE MORAL TYPE 214 III. THE MORAL EVOLUTION UNDER THE REPUBLIC 218 IV. THE MORAL EVOLUTION UNDER THE PAGAN EMPIRE 231 XII. THE ETHICS OF DOCTRINAL CHRISTIANITY: AN IDEAL OF RIGHT BELIEF 255 I. RELIGIOUS IDEAS AND THEOLOGICAL DOGMAS MOLDING THE IDEAL 256 II. THE MORAL IDEAL 261 XIII. MORAL HISTORY OF THE AGE OF CHRISTIAN ASCETICISM 267 I. CONCEPTIONS OF LIFE AND HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES THAT PRODUCED THE ASCETIC IDEAL 267 II. THE IDEAL AND ITS CHIEF TYPES 270 III. THE CHIEF MORAL FACTS OF THE PERIOD 272 XIV. THE ETHICS OF ISLAM: A MARTIAL IDEAL 288