I. RELIGIOUS BASIS OF THE MORAL SYSTEM 288 II. THE MORAL CODE 289 III. THE MORAL LIFE 293 XV. THE MORAL LIFE OF EUROPE DURING THE AGE OF CHIVALRY 300 I. THE CHURCH CONSECRATES THE MARTIAL IDEAL OF KNIGHTHOOD 300 II. THE COMPOSITE IDEAL OF KNIGHTHOOD 306 III. THE CHIEF MORAL PHENOMENA OF THE PERIOD 309 XVI. RENAISSANCE ETHICS: REVIVAL OF NATURALISM IN MORALS 320 I. DETERMINING INFLUENCES 320 II. SOME ESSENTIAL FACTS IN THE MORAL HISTORY OF THE AGE 322 XVII. ETHICS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 333 I. PRINCIPLES OF THE REFORMATION OF ETHICAL IMPORT 333 II. SOME IMPORTANT MORAL OUTCOMES OF THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS REFORM 334 XVIII. THE MORAL EVOLUTION SINCE THE INCOMING OF DEMOCRACY: THE NEW SOCIAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONSCIENCE 340 I. FORCES DETERMINING THE TREND OF THE ETHICAL MOVEMENT 340 II. EXPRESSIONS OF THE NEW MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN DIFFERENT DOMAINS OF LIFE AND THOUGHT 344 1. The Ethics of Democracy 344 2. The Ethics of Industrialism 347 3. The Ethics of Modern Science 353 4. The Ethics of Theology 360 5. Social Ethics: the New Social Conscience 364 6. International Ethics: the New International Conscience 371 INDEX 383 HISTORY AS PAST ETHICS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION [Sidenote: The ethical interpretation of history] Professor Freeman defined history as “past politics.” Mr. Buckle argued that the essence of the historical evolution consists in intellectual progress.[1] Many present-day economists hold that the dominant forces in the historical development are economic.[2] Churchmen consistently make the chief factor in history to be religion.