[Transcriber's Notes: These modifications are intended to provide continuity of the text for ease of searching and reading. 1. To avoid breaks in the narrative, page numbers (shown in curly brackets "{1234}") are usually placed between paragraphs. In this case the page number is preceded and followed by an empty line. To remove page numbers use the Regular Expression: "^{[0-9]+}" to "" (empty string) 2. If a paragraph is exceptionally long, the page number is placed at the nearest sentence break on its own line, but without surrounding empty lines. 3. Blocks of unrelated text are moved to a nearby break between subjects. 5. Use of em dashes and other means of space saving are replaced with spaces and newlines. 6. Subjects are arranged thusly: Main titles are at the left margin, in all upper case (as in the original) and are preceded by an empty line. Subtitles (if any) are indented three spaces and immediately follow the main title. Text of the article (if any) follows the list of subtitles (if any) and is preceded with an empty line and indented three spaces. References to other articles in this work are in all upper case (as in the original) and indented six spaces. They usually begin with "See", "Also" or "Also in". Citations of works outside this book are indented six spaces and in italics (as in the original). The bibliography in Volume 1, APPENDIX F on page xxi provides additional details, including URLs of available internet versions. ----------Subject: Start-------- ----------Subject: End---------- indicates the start/end of a group of subheadings or other large block. To search for words separated by an unknown number of other characters, use this Regular Expression to find the words "first" and "second" separated by between 1 and 100 characters: "first.{1,100}second" End Transcriber's Notes.] ---------------------------------- [Image: Spine] History For Ready Reference, Volume 4 of 6 From The Best Historians, Biographers, And Specialists Their Own Words In A Complete System Of History For All Uses, Extending To All Countries And Subjects, And Representing For Both Readers And Students The Better And Newer Literature Of History In The English Language. BY J. N. LARNED With Numerous Historical Maps From Original Studies And Drawings By Alan C. Reiley In Five Volumes VOLUME IV—NICÆA TO TUNIS SPRINGFIELD, MASSACHUSETTS. THE C. A. NICHOLS COMPANY, PUBLISHERS MDCCCXCV COPYRIGHT, 1894. BY J. N. LARNED. The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts., U. S. A. Printed by H. O. Houghton & Company. LIST OF MAPS AND PLANS. Two maps of Central Europe, at the abdication of Charles V. (1556), and showing the distribution of Religions about 1618, To follow page 2458 Map of Eastern Europe in 1768, and of Central Europe at the Peace of Campo Formio (1797), To follow page 2554