AARAU, Peace of (1712). See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1652-1789. ABÆ, Oracle of. See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS. ABBAS I. (called The Great), Shah of Persia; A. D. 1582-1627 ABBAS II., A. D. 1641-1666. ABBAS III., A. D. 1732-1736. ABBASSIDES, The rise, decline and fall of the. See MAHOMETAN CONQUEST, &c.: A. D. 715-750; 763; and 815-945; also BAGDAD: A. D. 1258. ABBEY. ABBOT. ABBESS. See MONASTERY. ABDALLEES, The. See INDIA: A. D. 1747-1761. ABDALMELIK, Caliph, A. D. 684-705. ABD-EL-KADER, The War of the French in Algiers with. See BARBARY STATES: A. D. 1830-1846. ABDICATIONS. Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria. See BULGARIA: A. D. 1878-1886. Amadeo of Spain. See SPAIN: A. D. 1866-1873. Charles IV. and Ferdinand VII. of Spain. See SPAIN: A. D. 1807-1808. Charles V. Emperor. See GERMANY: A. D. 1552-1561, and NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1555. Charles X. King of France. See FRANCE: A. D. 1815-1830. Charles Albert, King of Sardinia. See ITALY: A. D. 1848-1849. Christina, Regent of Spain. See SPAIN: A. D. 1833-1846. Christina, Queen of Sweden. See SCANDINAVIAN STATES (SWEDEN): A. D. 1644-1697. Diocletian, Emperor. See ROME: A. D. 284-305. Ferdinand, Emperor of Austria. See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland. See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1806-1810. Louis Philippe. See FRANCE: A. D. 1841-1848. Milan, King of Servia. See SERVIA: A. D. 1882-1889. Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, and King of Portugal. See PORTUGAL: A. D. 1824-1889, and BRAZIL: A. D. 1825-1865. Ptolemy I. of Egypt. See MACEDONIA, &c.: B. C. 297-280. Victor Emanuel I. See ITALY: A. D. 1820-1821. William I., King of Holland. See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1830-1884. ABDUL-AZIZ, Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1861-1876. ABDUL-HAMID, Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1774-1789. ABDUL-HAMID II., 1876-. ABDUL-MEDJID, Turkish Sultan, A. D. 1839-1861. ABEL, King of Denmark, A. D. 1250-1252. ABENCERRAGES, The. See SPAIN: A. D. 1238-1273, and 1476-1492. ABENSBURG, Battle of. See GERMANY: A. D. 1809 (JANUARY-JUNE). ABERCROMBIE'S CAMPAIGN IN AMERICA. See CANADA (NEW FRANCE): A.D. 1758. ABERDEEN MINISTRY, The. See ENGLAND: A. D. 1851-1852, and 1855. ABIPONES, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES. ABJURATION OF HENRY IV. See FRANCE: A. D. 1591-1593. ABNAKIS, The. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONKIN FAMILY. ABO, Treaty of (1743). See RUSSIA: A. D. 1740-1762. ABOLITIONISM IN AMERICA, The Rise of. See SLAVERY, NEGRO: A. D. 1828-1832; and 1840-1847. ABORIGINES, AMERICAN. See AMERICAN ABORIGINES. ABOUKIR, Naval Battle of (or Battle of the Nile). See FRANCE: A. D. 1798 (MAY-AUGUST). ABOUKIR, Land-battle of (1799). See FRANCE: A. D. 1798-1799 (AUGUST-AUGUST). ABRAHAM, The Plains of.