Meanwhile, the civil and political history of England has been growing steadily. _Political_, _politics_, _politician_, and _parliamentary_ first appear in the sixteenth century, and _Cabinet Council_ seems to have been introduced at the accession of Charles I. _Cabal_, one of the few Hebrew words in the English language, probably owes its familiarity to two historical events. It was applied in Charles II’s reign to a small committee of the Privy Council, also known as the “Committee for Foreign Affairs”, which afterwards became the Cabinet; moreover, a little later on it happened that the names of the five Ministers who signed the Treaty of Alliance with France against Holland were Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Their initials thus arranged spell the word _cabal_, which was humorously used to describe them. Another far commoner expression which dates back to the Civil War is the phrase ‘the _army_.’ It reminds us that we had no standing army until after the foundation of the Parliamentary Forces. _Cavalier_ and _Roundhead_ are words which carry their history, so to speak, on their sleeves. They were both coined as terms of abuse, and among other uncivil relics of the Civil War which have found a more extended application, _fanatic_ and _Puritan_ were invented by the Royalists and _malignant_ by the Roundheads. _Independent_ and _independence_ are also Puritan words, and the useful _demagogue_ first appeared in the _Eikon Basilike_, the famous pamphlet in defence of the Crown, which Milton answered with his _Eikonoklastes_. The expression _to send to Coventry_ is probably a gift from the rebellious citizens of Birmingham, who, according to Clarendon, frequently “rose upon small parties of the King’s” and either killed them or sent them, as prisoners, to Coventry, which was a Parliamentary stronghold. Spite, which always loves a rich vocabulary, is also the father of those venerable labels _tory_ and _whig_. The old Celtic word _tory_ was first applied in the seventeenth century to the unfortunate Irish Catholics, dispossessed by Cromwell, who became savage outlaws living chiefly upon plunder; after that it was used for some time of bandits in general, and at the close of James II’s reign the “Exclusioners” found it a conveniently offensive nickname for those who favoured the succession of the Roman Catholic James, Duke of York. Thus, when William of Orange finally succeeded in reaching the throne, it became the approved name of one of the two great political parties in Great Britain. _Whig_ is a shortened form of _whiggamore_, a name given to certain Scotchmen from the word _whiggam_, which they used in driving their horses. It was first used of the rebellious Scottish Covenanters who marched to Edinburgh in 1648; then of the Exclusioners, who were opposed to the accession of James; and finally, from 1689 onwards, of the other great political party or one of its adherents.