CHAPTER X GREEK RELIGION. The gods--Polytheism--Anthropomorphism--Mythology--Local gods--The great gods--Attributes of the gods--Olympus and Zeus--Morality of the Greek mythology. THE HEROES. Various sorts of heroes--Presence of the heroes-- Intervention of the heroes. WORSHIP. Principle of the cult of the gods--The great Feasts--the sacred games--Omens--Oracles--Amphictyonies. CHAPTER XI SPARTA. The People--Laconia--The Helots--The Periœci--Condition of the Spartiates. EDUCATION. The children--The girls--The discipline--Laconism--Music-- The dance--Heroism of the women. INSTITUTIONS. The kings and the council--The ephors--The army--The hoplites--The phalanx--Gymnastics--Athletes--Rôle of the Spartiates. CHAPTER XII ATHENS. Origins of the Athenian people--Attica--Athens--The revolutions in Athens--Reforms of Cleisthenes. THE ATHENIAN PEOPLE. The slaves--The foreigners--The citizens. THE GOVERNMENT. The assembly--The courts--The magistrates--Character of the government--The demagogues. PRIVATE LIFE. Children--Marriage--Women. CHAPTER XIII WARS. The Persian wars--Origin of these wars--Comparison of the two adversaries--First Persian war--Second Persian war--Reasons for the victory of the Greeks--Results of the wars. WARS OF THE GREEKS AMONG THEMSELVES. The Peloponnesian war--War with Sparta--Savage character of the wars--Effects of these wars. CHAPTER XIV THE ARTS IN GREECE. Athens in the time of Pericles--Pericles--Athens and her monuments--Importance of Athens. LETTERS. Orators--Sages--Sophists--Socrates and the philosophers--The chorus--Tragedy and comedy--Theatre. ARTS. The Grecian temples--Characteristics of Grecian architecture--Sculpture--Pottery--Painting. CHAPTER XV THE GREEKS IN THE ORIENT. Asia before Alexander--Decadence of the Persian empire--Expedition of the Ten Thousand--Agesilaus. CONQUEST OF ASIA BY ALEXANDER. Macedon--Philip--Demosthenes--The Macedonian supremacy--Alexander--The phalanx--Departure of Alexander--Victories of Granicus, Issus, and Arbela--Death of Alexander--Projects of Alexander. THE HELLENES IN THE ORIENT. Dismemberment of the empire of Alexander-- The Hellenistic kingdoms--Alexandria--Museum--Pergamum. CHAPTER XVI LATER PERIOD OF GREEK HISTORY. Decadence of the cities--Rich and poor--Strife between rich and poor--Democracy and oligarchy--The tyrants--Exhaustion of Greece. THE ROMAN CONQUEST. The leagues--The allies of the Romans--The last struggles. THE HELLENES IN THE OCCIDENT. Influence of Greece on Rome-- Architecture--Sculpture--Literature--Epicureans and Stoics. CHAPTER XVII ANCIENT PEOPLES OF ITALY. The Etruscans--Etruria--The Etruscan people-- The Etruscan tombs--Industry and commerce--Religion--The augurs-- Influence of the Etruscans. THE ITALIAN PEOPLE. Umbrians and Oscans--The Sacred Spring--The Samnites--The Greeks of Italy.