The first branch to attract workers was Somatology, the physical aspect of man, of which we have already noted the inception: not until the nineteenth century can Archæology, or Prehistoric Anthropology, be said to have developed into a science; while the scientific study of Ethnology, or Cultural Anthropology, is barely half a century old. [Sidenote: =Craniology.=] [Sidenote: =Norma Verticalis of Blumenbach.=] Somatology had already been foreshadowed by Vesalius, Spigel, and Linnæus; but Blumenbach was the first to strike its keynote by recording the shape of the skull and of the face. He was the fortunate possessor of a large number of skulls—large, that is, for his time, and he published a description of them (1790-1820), _Decas collectionis suae craniorum diversarum gentium illustrata_, with 70 plates. He noted particularly the _norma verticalis_—_i.e._, the shape of the skull as seen from above, distinguishing by its means three types—the square shape of the Mongols, the narrow or “pressed in from the sides” shape of the Negroes, and the intermediate form which he recognised in the “Caucasians.” He was the first to popularise craniology, and “it became the fashion to visit the Blumenbachian Museum, to have the differences which distinguish the different cranial types pointed out, and to indulge in sentimental rhapsodies upon the beauty and symmetry of the young female Georgian skull, which was considered to represent the highest type of all.”[19] But Blumenbach does not seem to have taken advantage of his own discoveries. In choosing the _norma verticalis_ as a racial criterion he made a valuable contribution to science, but he did not reproduce his _normæ_ in his plates, nor did he base his classification on them. Indeed, his typical Caucasian skull is really squarer than his typical Mongolian. Footnote 19: Cunningham, p. 26. [Illustration: UPPER AND SIDE VIEWS OF SKULLS OF MEN belonging to the Neolithic and Bronze Age Races; photographed by the Author from specimens in the Cambridge Anatomical Museum. _A_, Long Barrow, Dinnington, Rotherham. Length, 204 mm.; breadth, 143 mm.; cranial index, 70. 1. _B_, Winterbourne Stoke. Length, 177 mm.; breadth, 156 mm.; cranial index, 88. 1. ] [Sidenote: =Facial Angle of Camper.=] Peter Camper (1722-1789) had already been studying head-form, though from a totally different standpoint, and his deductions were not published until after his death.