Lawrence was far in advance of his time, and much of his teaching may be said to have anticipated the doctrine of evolution. Unfortunately, the theological protest raised by his lectures—published when he was only thirty-five—resulted in his forsaking Anthropology altogether, and he henceforward devoted himself entirely to anatomy and surgery. [Sidenote: =Lord Monboddo.=] Another prophet in advance of his times was Lord Monboddo. James Burnett Monboddo (1714-1799) was regarded as one of the most eccentric characters of the eighteenth century, mainly on account of his peculiar views about the origin of society and of language, and his theories as to the relationship of man with the monkeys. He was deeply interested in all the current accounts of “tailed men,” thus justifying Dr. Johnson’s remark that he was “as jealous of his tail as a squirrel.” Later students of his writings are less struck by these eccentricities, which afforded endless jests to the wags of the age, than by his scientific methods of investigation and his acute conclusions. He not only studied man as one of the animals, but he also studied savages with a view to elucidating the origin of civilisation. Many other pre-Darwinian evolutionists might be mentioned, but Professor Lovejoy’s caution must be noted:— The premature adoption of a hypothesis is a sin against the scientific spirit; and the chance acceptance by some enthusiast of a truth in which, at the time, he has no sound reason for believing, by no means entitles him to any place of honour in the history of science.[37] Footnote 37: _Pop. Sci. Monthly_, 1909, p. 499. The first to enunciate a coherent theory of evolution—that of Transformism or Transmutation—was Lamarck.[38] Footnote 38: De Maillet and Robinet had already outlined part of the Lamarckian doctrine. [Sidenote: =Lamarck.=] Lamarck (1744-1829) believed that species were not fixed, but that the more complex were developed from pre-existent simpler forms. He attributed the change of species mainly to physical conditions of life, to crossing, and especially to use or disuse of organs, which not only resulted in the modification, growth, or atrophy of some, but, under the stress of necessity, led to the formation of new ones. “_La fonction fait l’organe._” He also held that changes produced in the individual as the result of environment were transmitted to the offspring. Organic life was traced back and back to a small number of primordial germs or monads, the offspring of spontaneous generation. Man formed no exception. He was the result of the slow transformation of certain apes. Lamarck’s views were first published in 1801, and were enlarged in his _Philosophie Zoologique_, 1809. [Sidenote: =Cuvier.=]