To indicate the share that France has had and maintains in the elucidation of Prehistoric Anthropology, we have only to mention the work of É. Lartet with Mr. Henry Christy on the French caves of Aurignac (1861) and Périgord (1864); A. J. L. Bertrand and G. Bonstetten on dolmens (1864, 1865, and 1879); É. Rivière on the Mentone caves (1873); and the numerous works of E. Chantre, especially with regard to the Rhone basin. These and others prepared the way for the classic work of G. de Mortillet (1883), whose masterly summary and methodical treatment of the subject have been of great service to all subsequent workers. While recognising the labours of other investigators, special mention must be made of Judge E. Piette (1827-1906), whose excavations in the cave of Mas d’Azil constitute a landmark in such studies. Professor E. Cartailhac, Dr. Capitan, and l’Abbé H. Breuil have done further service in their investigations in French caves; and the two latter, in their beautiful memoir on the cave of Altamira in North Spain, have further demonstrated the wonderful artistic sense and technique of the cave-dwellers during the later phases of Palæolithic times. In Britain we may note the names of J. Barnard Davis, J. Thurnam, Rolleston, Sir Charles Lyell, Sir John Evans, Canon Greenwell, and Professor Boyd Dawkins, whose standard works have largely helped to mould the course of archæology in our own country. In Germany, among the earlier writers may be mentioned C. Fuhlrott, L. Lindenschmidt (1864-1881), J. A. Ecker (1865-1870), A. Lissauer, and, above all, Rudolf Virchow, the author of numerous and valuable contributions. Elsewhere, G. Nicolucci studied prehistoric man in Italy, and during the last thirty years the investigations of the illustrious Dr. Oskar Montelius, of Stockholm, have been valued by all archæologists. [Sidenote: =Tertiary Man.=] Boucher de Perthes was the vindicator of Quaternary Man in France; l’Abbé Bourgeois stands as the protagonist on behalf of Tertiary Man. The first discovery of any traces of man’s existence during Tertiary times was made in some sand and gravel quarries at Saint Prest, near Chartres, by M. Desnoyers in 1863. He found various incised bones bearing evidence of human workmanship, together with remains of _Elephas meridionalis_ and _Rhinoceros leptorhinus_. But Sir Charles Lyell gave it as his opinion, on examining the beds, that they were rather late Quaternary than true Tertiary.