Other classifications, by means of cultural distinctions, have been attempted. Among these may be noted that based on mythology and religion of Max Müller, on institutions and social organisation of Morgan and Ratzel, or on musical systems of Fétis. [Sidenote: =Hippocrates.=] Hippocrates (_c._ 460-377), in his work, _About Air, Water, and Places_, first discusses the influence of environment on man, physical, moral, and pathological. He divided mankind into groups, impressed with homogeneous characters by homogeneous surroundings, demonstrating that mountains, plains, damp, aridity, and so on, produced definite and varying types. [Sidenote: =Bodin.=] Bodin, writing in 1577 _Of the Lawes and Customes of a Common Wealth_ (English edition, 1605), contains, as Professor J. L. Myres has pointed out,[128] “the whole pith and kernel of modern anthropo-geography.... His climatic contrasts are based on the Ptolemaic geography ... and he argues as if the world broke off short at Sahara.... On his classification of environments from arctic North to tropic South” he superposes “a cross-division by grades of culture from civil East to barbaric West.” Footnote 128: _Rept. Brit. Assoc._, 1909 (1910), p. 593. [Sidenote: =Buffon.=] Buffon followed Hippocrates. Man, said Buffon, consists of a single species. Individual variations are due to three causes—climate, food, and habits. These influences, acting over large areas on large groups of people, produce general and constant varieties. To these varieties he gave the name of _race_. This doctrine was the main support of the monogenists. [Sidenote: =Alexander von Humboldt, Ritter, and Waitz.=] The year 1859 marks a crisis in this field of research, as in so many others. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), the Prussian naturalist and traveller, spent the later part of his life in writing his classic _Kosmos_, a summary and exposition of the laws and conditions of the physical universe. Karl Ritter (1779-1859), Professor of Geography at the University of Berlin, published, between 1822 and his death, the ten volumes of _Die Erdkunde im Verhältniss zur Natur und zur Geschichte des Menschen_. These works formed the basis from which was developed the German view of geography as a science of the co-relation of distribution. In 1859 Waitz, in his _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, insisted on the inter-relation between the physical organisation and the psychic life of mankind. [Sidenote: =Buckle.=]