It appears that from the close of the Pennsylvanian time to the present Atchison county has been dry land. At one time, quite recently, as geologists reckon time, climatic conditions changed so that the snow falling during the winter could not be melted during the summer, so that to the far north great quantities of snow and ice accumulated and gradually spread over the surface of a large part of North America. One limb of this ice mass moved slowly southward and covered all of Atchison county, and much adjacent territory, and brought with it vast quantities of soil and clay and gravel that the ice sheet, as a great scraper, picked up from the surface as it came along. When the ice finally melted this debris was left, like a mantle of snow, covering the entire surface of Atchison county. The rocks of Pennsylvanian age have within them much of value economically. Here and there inter-stratified with the sandstone and shale are large and valuable beds of coal, as is abundantly shown by the drilled wells and coal shafts within the county. It is probable that almost the entire county is underlaid with this same bed of coal, and if so it is worth substantially as much to the county as is the surface soil. It lies at so great a depth that it may be mined without any danger whatever of disturbing the surface. [Illustration: Main Building State Orphans’ Home, Atchison, Kan. ] The large amount of good hard limestone in the county guarantees an everlasting supply of stone for road making, railroad ballast, crushed rock for concrete works and all other uses to which such limestone may be put. With the Missouri river on the eastern boundary carrying unlimited amounts of sand Atchison county is well supplied with every material needed for unlimited amounts of mortar construction of all kinds. Recently, since Portland cement construction has so effectually replaced stone masonry, this becomes a very important matter. Should market conditions ever become favorable it is also possible to manufacture the best grades of Portland cement by properly combining the limestones and shales of the county. Their chemical and physical properties are admirably suited for such purposes. There is a possibility that somewhere within the county oil and gas may be found by proper prospecting. As no search for these materials has yet been made it is impossible to say what the results might be. Atchison county, however, lies within the oil zone that has been proven to be so much farther south, and until proper search has been made no one can say that oil and gas cannot be found here also. CHAPTER II. PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. EVIDENCES OF PALEOLITHIC MAN—AN ANCIENT FORTIFICATION—ABORIGINAL VILLAGE AND CAMP SITES—THE INGALLS AND OTHER BURIAL MOUNDS.