Progress in this direction was slow but still recognisable. In the last edition of the ‘Pemptades’ of DODOENS[10] of the year 1616, a folio volume of 872 pages, only one page and a third are devoted to the explanation of the parts of plants; but the selection of the words explained and the substance of the explanations hit the essential points better than in Fuchs. We find for instance: Root (‘radix, ῥίζα’) is the name given in the tree and in every other plant to the lower part, by which it penetrates into the earth and cleaves to it, and by which it draws its nourishment. This part, unlike the leaves which are usually deciduous, is common to all plants, a few only excepted which live and grow without roots, such as Cassytha, Viscum, and the plant called ‘Hyphear,’ Fungi, Mosses, and Fuci, all which are however usually reckoned among φῦτα. ‘Caudex’ is in trees and shrubs that which springs from the root and rises above the ground, and by which the nourishment is carried upwards; the same part is called in herbs caulis or cauliculus. Leaf (‘folium’) is in every plant that which clothes and adorns it, and without which trees and other plants appear naked. The definition of a flower would lose in a translation: ‘flos, ἄνθος, arborem et herbarum gaudium dicitur, futurique fructus spes est; unaquaeque etenim stirps pro natura sua post florem partus ac fructus gignit.’ The parts of the flower are with him the calyx (‘calyx’), in which the blossom is at first enclosed and with which the ‘foetus’ is soon surrounded, stamens (‘stamina’) which arise like threads from the depth of the blossom and from the calyx, and ‘apices’ (anthers), certain thickish appendages on the summit of the stamens. ‘Julus’ (catkin) is that which hangs down round and long in place of the flower, as in the walnut, hazel, mulberry, beech, and other trees. ‘Fructus’ is that in which the seed is formed, but frequently it is itself the seed, as where the latter is not enclosed in anything else and is formed naked. We must not be led by these words to think of our Gymnosperms, but must understand that here, as with all botanists till the time of A. L. de Jussieu and Joseph Gärtner (1788), naked seeds mean dry indehiscent fruits. De l’Obel, from whom especially we might have looked for similar explanations, has given none. The absence of more profound comparative examination of the parts of plants, as shown in the examples of terminology here adduced, may serve as an additional support of the assertion, that natural affinity was not inferred from exact comparison of the form of organs, but was the result of a feeling arising from the likeness of habit directly apprehended by the senses, that is by the collective impression produced by the whole plant.