History of Embalming: and of Preparations in Anatomy, Pathology, and Natural History; Including an Account of a New Process for EmbalmingGannal, J.-N. (Jean-Nicolas)
History
History of Embalming: and of Preparations in Anatomy, Pathology, and Natural History; Including an Account of a New Process for Embalming
Gannal, J.-N. (Jean-Nicolas)
Anatomical specimens -- Collection and preservation; Embalming -- History; Mummies
“I shall publish, as was communicated to me, this admirable process,
in which I was formerly liberally initiated by Cl. Dn. Swammerdam,
which is beyond all praise. It is necessary, then, to obtain a pewter
vessel of sufficient size to contain the body to be embalmed; place
at the distance of about two fingers depth of the bottom, a hurdle of
wood, pierced with many holes; place the body on this hurdle, and pour
on oil of turpentine to the height of three fingers, keep the vessel
quiet, tightly, and less and less hermetically covered during a certain
space of time; in this manner the oil, of a penetrating nature, will
infiltrate by degrees into the body on which it is poured, and will
expel the aqueous portions, the principal cause of the fermentation
which tends to corruption. This aqueous portion descending by its
specific gravity, and distilling through the flesh, will, in time,
occupy the space between this and the bottom, and during this time
the more subtle part of the balm will exhale, as the vessel is less
closely covered; the more it evaporates, the harder the body becomes,
and will imbibe the thick lees of the oil, the effect of which may be
compared to that of a gummy marrow: it can then, consequently, remain
out of the liquor and in open air without corrupting, without any fear
of putrefaction, or of the worms. As to the time necessary to allow
the body to remain in the balm, this varies according to the nature of
the subject to be preserved. The following rules on this head must be
observed:
“The embalming of an embryon of six months, may be accomplished in
about the same length of time.
“The skeleton of the same embryon requires only about two months.
“The membranes of the heart, three months.
“The vessels of the liver, and of the placenta, cleared of their flesh,
one month.
“The vessels of the spleen, ten days.
“The intestines, one month.
“A certain time is thus assigned for other vessels, which would not be
difficult to discover or determine by experiments.
“It is always necessary to pay attention, that during this operation,
the parts be a little contracted and compressed in an equable and
convenient proportion; the coction of the body prevents the skin
forming wrinkles, whether it be made before the deposition in the oil,
or after it has soaked there for two months. In order that the subject
may retain all its beauty and whiteness, it must be macerated for
several days in alum before embalming it. In order that the members may
retain a convenient form and position, they ought to be plunged into
the balm on the commencement of winter, about the month of November, to
expose them afterwards to the cold, not to freeze, but to harden them
lightly.
“In following this process, with care, we destroy entirely all the
germs of putrefaction concealed in the body, to such a degree, that the
entrails even are profoundly penetrated with this balm, and are able
to resist the constant attacks of the air.
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