History of Embalming: and of Preparations in Anatomy, Pathology, and Natural History; Including an Account of a New Process for EmbalmingGannal, J.-N. (Jean-Nicolas)
History
History of Embalming: and of Preparations in Anatomy, Pathology, and Natural History; Including an Account of a New Process for Embalming
Gannal, J.-N. (Jean-Nicolas)
Anatomical specimens -- Collection and preservation; Embalming -- History; Mummies
Blancardus teaches us the method of embalming separately all these
parts; but, for myself, I do not attempt it; when they are embalmed,
and it is desired to place them in a barrel in this state, it is still
requisite to have recourse to spirits of wine, of the best quality;
our brandy and aromatic wines are not strong enough. In order the
more easily to clean these viscera, they must be opened lengthwise,
incisions must be made in the lungs, the spleen, the uterus, and the
other contents of the cavities; cleaned of blood, serosity, and other
foreign matter, which would cause them to putrefy in a little time;
then washed with strong spirits of wine, having been previously washed
in other liquors, and then arranged in a barrel, so that the powder
first covers the bottom, placing a portion of the viscera on this first
layer, and afterwards a second bed of powder; and continue thus to
place the viscera and the powders alternatively, and by layers, until
the barrel be nearly full, taking care that the last layer consists of
this prepared powder, which must not be spared on this occasion. This
barrel, which ought to be made of lead, should be placed in a second of
wood, which must be accurately headed and pitched. (One wooden barrel
only, was used for Henry III., King of France.)
Nevertheless, with all the precautions that could be taken to preserve
these parts, in employing quantities of spirits of wine, aromatic
powders, and other proper drugs, I have strong doubts that they would
soon corrupt, and even before they could arrive at the place destined
for their sepulture. Finally, when the body is to be publicly exposed
on the bed where it died, the face should be washed with spirits of
wine, and with true balm, refreshing it frequently; but when it is
necessary to expose it on a bed of parade to remain several days, it is
commonly sufficient to mould it in wax, and to show only its external
figure, during the time that the body is upon the bed embalmed in a
coffin. But, when the body itself of the deceased is exposed, it is
necessary, in the first place, to paint and powder the hair or wig with
a fine powder of pleasant odour; shave the beard, if there be any,
fill the mouth with powder and cotton, to elevate and protrude the
cheeks, to which may be applied a little rouge, as well as to the lips;
if the natural eyes have been removed, replace them with artificial
eyes; force perfumed cotton up the nostrils; the nose may be refreshed
with a linen cloth liberally endued with true balm, during the time
that the subject is withdrawn from public view; thus, the mouth, and
generally all the parts that ought to be seen, will be in their natural
state, to the end that they may be the more readily recognised. For
this reason, there ought not to be made any scarifications, as it is
expressly remarked in the library of Herodotus. “Each part,” says he,
“is so perfectly preserved, that the hair of the eyebrows and eyelids,
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