History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to SwinburneLang, Andrew
History
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
Lang, Andrew
English literature -- History and criticism
A number of such villages were united in the tribe, each tribe had
its king, while the other chief men, the richest and best born,
constituted a class of gentry. Later, tribes were gathered into small
kingdoms, with a "Bretwalda" or "Over-Lord," the most powerful of the
kings, at the head of all.
This kind of society is almost exactly the same as that which Homer
describes among the Greeks, more than a thousand years before Christ.
As in Homer, each Anglo-Saxon king had his Gleeman (_scop_) or
minstrel, who sang to his household and to the guests in hall. The
songs might be new, of his own making, or lays handed down from of old.
We shall see that the longer Anglo-Saxon poems, before Christianity
came in, were stories about fabulous heroes; or real kings of times
past, concerning whom many fables were told. Most of these tales, or
"myths," were not true; they were mere ancient "fairy stories," in
which sometimes real but half-forgotten warriors and princes play their
parts. The traditions, however, were looked on as being true, and the
listeners to the gleemen thought that they were learning history as
well as being amused. Meanwhile any man might make and sing verses for
his own pleasure, about his own deeds and his own fancies, sorrows, and
loves.
There was no lack of old legends of times before the English invasion
of Britain, or of legends quite fabulous about gods and heroes. We
know from Roman and early Christian authors, that the other Germanic
peoples, on the Continent, had abundance of this material for poetry:
thus the Germans sang of Arminius, the Lombards sang of Alboin, or
Ælfwine (died A.D. 573), and the Scandinavians and Germans
had legends of Attila, the great Hun conqueror, in the fifth century,
and of Sigurd, who slew Fafnir, the Snake-Man; of the vengeance of
Brynhild, and all the other adventures of the Volsungs and Niblungs; in
Germany fashioned, much later, into the famous "Nibelungenlied".[1]
The Anglo-Saxons, too, knew forms of these legends; and mention the
heroes of them in their poetry. Thus there is no reason why the
Anglo-Saxons should not have produced poems as magnificent as those of
the early Greeks, except that they, like all other peoples, had not
the genius of the Greeks for poetry, and for the arts; and had not
their musical language, and glorious forms of verse. They were a rough
country folk, and for long did not, like the Greeks, live in towns.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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