History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne — John Shaqi
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to SwinburneLang, Andrew
History
History of English Literature from "Beowulf" to Swinburne
Lang, Andrew
English literature -- History and criticism
Hrothgar now made a long speech about the goodness of God, which,
of course, is a Christian addition to the poem. Beowulf gave back
_Hrunting_ to Hunferth, saying no word against the weapon though it had
been of no service. Then they all departed in high honour, and their
swift ship under sail cut the sea into foam as she flew homeward.
In time Hygelac and his son fell in battle, and Beowulf was for fifty
years "the shepherd of the people". The last adventure of his old age
was a fight with a fiery dragon which dwelt among the golden treasures
in an ancient burial mound. In the tomb, says the poet, "there is no
sound of swords or harness, no joy of the harp; the good hawk flits
not through the hall; the swift horse does not beat the ground at the
gate". Anglo-Saxon poetry is full of the melancholy of death, and of
mournful thoughts awakened in presence of the ruined homes of men long
dead.
In his last fight and his best fight, Beowulf, with a young prince to
aid him, slew the Fire Drake, but he was mortally hurt by its poisonous
flaming breath, and spoke his latest words: "Bid the brave men pile up
a mound for me, high and far-seen on the headland, that seafaring men
in time to come may call it Beowulf's mound". These are almost the very
words of the ghost of the dead oarsman, Elpenor, to Odysseus in Homer.
So much has been said about the poem of "Beowulf," because it is by far
the greatest poem that the Anglo-Saxons have left to us, and best shows
how they lived. From "Beowulf" we learn that our ancestors lived almost
exactly as did the ancestors of the Greeks, in Homer's poems, made
perhaps 1600 years before the making of "Beowulf". Both these ancient
Greeks and our own ancestors had, and expressed in poetry, the same
love, of life and of the beauty of the world; and the same belief that,
after death, hope was hopeless, and joy was ended. Both had the same
sense of the mystery of existence, and, when they took time to think,
had the same melancholy. Our poetry thus began like that of Greece,
and, in the end, became the rival of the greatness of Greece.
We know from broken pieces of these old songs which have come down
to us that the Anglo-Saxons, like their German neighbours on the
Continent, had even better stories than "Beowulf". But they have been
lost, and "Beowulf" was perhaps saved by the Christian parts of it,
which must have been put in by some one who wrote it over again after
the Anglo-Saxons were converted: the language is like what was spoken
and written about 750. One beautiful poem is "The Ruined City". The
minstrel, beholding the desolation of the towers and baths of some
Roman town which the Anglo-Saxons have overthrown, laments its fall
and the perishable state of human fortunes. Other poems may be briefly
mentioned.
The Wanderer.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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