Erde_ (translated as _The Face of the Earth_, Oxford, 1904); G. G. Chisholm, _Manual of Commercial Geography_ (1890 and later editions); and volumes of the Cambridge Geographical Series already referred to may be taken as representative of various departments of geography of which an outline has been attempted in the last chapter of this book. A. R. Clarke’s _Geodesy_, the section of the article on “Map” in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ by the same writer, and Col. C. F. Close, for projections, and H. M. Wilson’s _Topographic Surveying_ (New York and London, 1901) are to be referred to in the department of mathematical geography, but this subject has to be pursued mainly in official publications and scientific journals. For illustrations of cartographical method it is unnecessary in order to study the highest development of large-scale mapping to go beyond the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and (particularly as illustrating the layer system of showing relief) the reduction therefrom by Bartholomew (Edinburgh), whose cartographical methods in such special scientific applications as meteorology, the distribution of population, etc., also render it unnecessary to consider sources other than English. But for best examples of the map-making art combined with the most careful use of existing data in the compilation of topographical atlases, such a work as Stieler’s Hand Atlas (Justus Perthes, Gotha) must be studied. There are examples of cartographical work from all periods in E. A. Reeves’s _Maps and Map-making_ (London, Royal Geographical Society, 1910), a series of three lectures on the history and methods of surveying and cartography. Ancient methods may be studied in several facsimile atlases, such as A. E. Nordenskiöld’s (Stockholm, 1889). The student of oceanography must consult the “Narrative” of the _Challenger_ expedition by Sir John Murray, forming two of the fifty volumes of the Report of that great undertaking. Special treatises on the subject are those by Otto Krümmel, _Handbuch der Oceanographie_; Murray and Hjört, _The Depths of the Ocean_; Fowler, _Science of the Sea_ (elementary); Richard, _L’Océanographie_; Thoulet, _L’Océan, ses Lois et ses Problèmes_. On limnology (the study of lakes) see Forel’s _Handbuch der Seenkunde_. INDEX Abruzzi, Duke of, 114, 126 Abu Zaid, 40 Abyssinia, 44, 54, 108, 110, 111 Adam of Bremen, 36 Adams, William, 71 Adare, Cape, 131 Adélie Land, 130, 133 Ægean civilisation, 4 Æschylus, 10 Afghanistan, 115 Africa, 5, 7, 13, 27, 31, 39, 50, 51, 53, 55, 57, 99, 113,107–14 African Association, 108, 146 Agartharchides of Cnidus, 23 Agassiz, Alexander, 144 Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, 25 Alaska, 78 Albert Edward, Lake, 113 ---- Nyanza, 111, 113 Alexander Island, 128 ---- the Great, 20 Alfred the Great, 37 Alleghany Mts., 67 Almagro, Diego, 66 Al-Mamun, Caliph, 39 Alonzo, Martin, 59 Amazon, River, 62, 66, 67