History of Indian and Eastern ArchitectureFergusson, James
History
History of Indian and Eastern Architecture
Fergusson, James
Architecture -- India; Architecture, Asian
copy of the honeysuckle ornament we are so familiar with as used by the
Greeks with the Ionic order. In this instance, however, it is hardly
probable that it was introduced direct by the Greeks, but is more likely
to have been borrowed from its native country Assyria, whence the
Greeks also originally obtained it. The honeysuckle ornament, again,
occurs as the crowning member of a pillar at Sankissa, in the Doab,
half-way between Muttra and Canouge (Woodcut No. 5), and this time
surmounting a capital of so essentially Persepolitan a type, that there
can be little doubt that the design of the whole capital came from
Central Asia. This pillar, which is of a much stouter and shorter
proportion than the edict lâts, is surmounted by an elephant, but so
mutilated that even in the 7th century the Chinese traveller Hiouen
Thsang mistook it for a lion, if this is indeed the effigy he was
looking at, as General Cunningham supposes,[55] which, however, is by no
means so clear as might at first sight appear.
[Illustration: 5. Capital at Sankissa. (From a Drawing by Gen.
Cunningham.)]
[Illustration: 6. Capital of Lât in Tirhoot. (From a Drawing by the late
Capt. Kittoe.)]
Another capital of a similar nature to that last described crowns a lât
at Bettiah in Tirhoot--this time surmounted by a lion of bold and good
design (Woodcut No. 6). In this instance, however, the honeysuckle
ornament is replaced by the more purely Buddhist ornament of a flock of
the sacred hansas or geese. In both instances there are cable ornaments
used as neckings, and the bead and reel so familiar to the student of
classical art. The last named form is also, however, found at
Persepolis. These features it may be remarked are only found on the lâts
of Asoka, and are never seen afterwards in India, though common in
Gandhara and in the Indus for long afterwards, which seems a tolerably
clear indication that it was from Persia, though probably on a
suggestion from the Greeks, that he obtained those hints which in India
led to the conversion of wooden architecture into stone. After his
death, these classical features disappear, and wooden forms resume their
sway, though the Persian form of capital long retained its position in
Indian art.
It is more than probable that each of these Asoka lâts stood in front
of, or in connection with some stupa, or building of some sort; but all
these have disappeared, and the lâts themselves have--some of them at
least--been moved more than once, so that this cannot now be proved. So
far, however, as can now be ascertained, one or two stambhas stood in
front of, or beside each gateway of every great tope, and one or two in
front of each chaitya hall. At least we know that six or seven can now
be traced at Sanchi, and nearly an equal number at Amravati,[56] and in
the representation of topes at the latter place, these lâts are
frequently represented both outside and inside the rails.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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