[13] Homer (Od. v. 243), &c., gives some curious details of the building of the vessel of Ulysses; whence it appears that he made use of an axe, had means of cutting planks, together with a boring instrument to make holes for nails and hooks: he had also ropes, and at least one sail. His bulwark was raised higher by wickerwork, to prevent the sea dashing over. [14] Hom. Od. xii. 403, as compared xiv. 302. [15] Thucyd. ii. 13, 14. [16] Pliny, xvi. 158. [17] Ovid, Metam. xi. 516, and Epist. ad Œnonen, v. 42. [18] John Locke, “Hist. of Navigation,” prefixed to Harris’s “Coll. of Voyages.” [19] Cæsar, Bell. Gall. iii. 29. [20] Livy, iv. 21. Cæsar, Bell. Gall. i. 12. Tibull. ii. 5, 34. [21] Millin’s “Dict. de Beaux-Arts.” [22] Acts xxviii. 11. [23] Ovid, Trist. i. 9, 2. [24] Pliny, xix. 5. [25] Hom. Il. ii. 637. Od. ix. 125; xi. 124. [26] Herod. iii. 58. [27] Plaut. Pœn. i. 2, 6. [28] Aristoph. Equit. 1313. [29] Virg. Æn. iii. 119. [30] Hom. Odyss. iii. 4. Anthol. vi. c. xxi. Ep. 1. [31] Horat. Od. i. 5, 15. [32] Petron. c. lxiii. [33] Polyb. lib. x. [34] Stat. Theb. v. 343. Silius, vi. 361. [35] Xenoph. Hist. i. Polyb. lib. x. Arrian, Peripl. Mar. Eux. [36] Ovid. Metam. iii. [37] Propert. lib. ii. v. 990. [38] Xen. Œcon. v. Athen. xv. [39] Arrian, Exp. Alex. vi. [40] James Smith, “Voyage of St. Paul,” pp. 147-150. [41] See Smith, pp. 143-147. The same practice may be noticed on some of the English municipal seals: see below, p. 399, &c. [42] Lucan, v. 428; Stat. vii. 32. [43] Polyb. xxviii. 3. Appian, v. 91. Cf. Boeckh, Seewesen, &c., p. 134. [44] Hom. Il. i. 436. Od. ix. 137. [45] Pliny, vii. 209. [46] Acts xxvii. 29. [47] Paus. viii. 12. Pliny, xvi. 34. [48] Arrian, Exped. Alex. ii. 21. [49] Antichità di Ercolano, ii. 1. 14. [50] Herod, ii. 109. [51] Arrian, Peripl. Mar. Eux. [52] Strabo, ii. 8. [53] Hist. of India; Notes and Observations, p. 333—and below, p. 233. [54] Chardin’s Travels, p. 441 _et seq._ [55] Nat. Hist. xix. 3, 4. [56] Peripl. Mar. Eux. c. 7. [57] Acts xxviii. 13. MERCHANT SHIPPING. CHAPTER I. Maritime commerce of Antiquity—Coasting—Tyre—Argonautic Expedition—Queen Semiramis—The Phœnicians—Early notices of them—The prophecy of Ezekiel—Trade in tin—Origin of the name “Cassiterides Insulæ.”—Amber—Mainland trade of Phœnicia—Cause of prosperity—Carthage—Utica—Commercial policy—Trade with Spain—Trade in Africa—The commercial policy of Carthage—Limits of trade. [Sidenote: Maritime commerce of Antiquity.]