fairly general acceptance. Nicolas of Cusa (1401-64) was the first to announce _fundamental principles_ of modern philosophy--he is the leader in this intermediate preparatory period. Descartes (1596-1650) brought forward the first _system_--he is the father of modern philosophy. A brief survey of the literature may be added in conclusion: Heinrich Ritter's _Geschichte der neueren Philosophie_ (vols. ix.-xii. of his _Geschichte der Philosophie_), 1850-53, to Wolff and Rousseau, has been superseded by more recent works, J.E. Erdmann's able _Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Darstellung der neueren Philosophie_ (6 vols., 1834-53) gives in appendices literal excerpts from non-German writers; the same author's _Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie_ (2 vols., 1869; 3d ed., 1878) contains at the end the first exposition of German Philosophy since the Death of Hegel [English translation in 3 vols., edited by W. S. Hough, 1890.--TR.]. Ueberweg's _Grundriss_ (7th ed. by M. Heinze, 1888) is indispensable for reference on account of the completeness of its bibliographical notes, which, however, are confusing to the beginner [English translation by G.S. Morris, with additions by the translator, Noah Porter, and Vincenzo Botta, New York, 1872-74.--TR.]. The most detailed and brilliant exposition has been given by Kuno Fischer (1854 seq.; 3d ed., 1878 seq.; the same author's _Baco und seine Nachfolger_, 2d ed., 1875,--English translation, 1857, by Oxenford,--supplements the first two volumes of the _Geschichte der neueren Philosophie_). This work, which is important also as a literary achievement, is better fitted than any other to make the reader at home in the ideal world of the great philosophers, which it reconstructs from its central point, and to prepare him for the study (which, of course, even the best exposition cannot replace) of the works of the thinkers themselves. Its excessive simplification of problems is not of great moment in the first introduction to a system [English translation of vol. iii. book 2 (1st ed.), _A Commentary on Kant's Critick of the Pure Reason_, by J.P. Mahaffy, London, 1866; vol. i. part 1 and part 2, book 1, _Descartes and his School_, by J, P. Gordy, New York, 1887; of vol. v. chaps, i.-v., _A Critique of Kant_, by W.S. Hough, London, 1888.--TR.]. Wilhelm Windelband _(Geschichte der neueren Philosophie_, 2 vols., 1878 and 1880, to Hegel and Herbart inclusive) accentuates the connection of philosophy with general culture and the particular sciences, and emphasizes philosophical method. This work is pleasant reading, yet, in the interest of clearness, we could wish that the author had given more of positive information concerning the content of the doctrines treated, instead of merely advancing reflections on them. A projected third volume is to trace the development of philosophy down to the present time. Windelband's compendium, _Geschichte der Philosophie_, 1890-91, is