distinguished from other expositions by the fact that, for the most part, it confines itself to a history of _problems_. Baumann's _Geschichte der Philosophie_, 1890, aims to give a detailed account of those thinkers only who have advanced views individual either in their content or in their proof. Eduard Zeller has given his _Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Leibniz_ (1873; 2d ed., 1875) the benefit of the same thorough and comprehensive knowledge and mature judgment which have made his _Philosophie der Griechen_ a classic. [Bowen's _Modern Philosophy_, New York, 1857 (6th ed., 1891); Royce's _Spirit of Modern Philosophy_, 1892.--TR.] Eugen Dühring's hypercritical _Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie_ (1869; 3d ed., 1878) can hardly be recommended to students. Lewes (German translation, 1876) assumes a positivistic standpoint; Thilo (1874), a position exclusively Herbartian; A. Stoeckl (3d ed., 1889) writes from the standpoint of confessional Catholicism; Vincenz Knauer (2d ed., 1882) is a Güntherian. With the philosophico-historical work of Chr. W. Sigwart (1854), and one of the same date by Oischinger, we are not intimately acquainted. Expositions of philosophy since Kant have been given by the Hegelian, C.L. Michelet (a larger one in 2 vols., 1837-38, and a smaller one, 1843); by Chalybaeus (1837; 5th ed., 1860, formerly very popular and worthy of it, English, 1854); by Fr. K. Biedermann (1842-43); by Carl Fortlage (1852, Kantio-Fichtean standpoint); and by Friedrich Harms (1876). The last of these writers unfortunately did not succeed in giving a sufficiently clear and precise, not to say tasteful, form to the valuable ideas and original conceptions in which his work is rich. The very popular exposition by an anonymous author of Hegelian tendencies, _Deutschlands Denker seit Kant_ (Dessau, 1851), hardly deserves mention.