=16. Internal Troubles.=--During William's captivity, Galloway revolted. All the King's officers were either slain or expelled, and as, after the submission at Falaise, _Gilbert_ the chief of Galloway considered himself a vassal of England, he let the Lothians have no peace till his death in 1185. William's nephew _Roland_ then seized Galloway, drove out his opponents, and rebuilt the Royal castles. William used his influence to induce Henry to confirm Roland in possession, and thereby gained a devoted and faithful ally. It was mainly by his aid that William was enabled to put down a formidable rising in the north. =17. Social Progress.=--During this reign the free towns began to rise into notice. Their privilege of trade and right to govern themselves was recognized by a charter granted to the city of Aberdeen, in which William confirmed his burghers north of the _Mount_, in their right of holding their own court or "free anse," as they had done in the time of his grandfather David. Thus we see that the towns of the north of Scotland were united for mutual support a century before the rise of the great continental Hansa, which bound together by a similar league the trading cities of the Baltic. Some of the most important towns date their charters from William, and he extended the influence of civilization in the north by holding his court in such remote places as _Elgin_, _Nairn_, and _Inverness_. The only religious foundation of this reign was the abbey of _Arbroath_. It was dedicated to the newest saint in the calendar, _Thomas of Canterbury_. William died at Stirling in 1214, leaving one son, _Alexander_, who succeeded him.