Osgod Clapa, i. 148 Osney, abbey of, i. 284; annals of, 273 Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71 Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86 Otterbourne's _Chronicle_, ii. 179 Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264; his alliance with John, 334, 337; invades France, 338, 342 Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134 Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192 Oxford, first mention of, i. 305; submits to Swein, 143; siege of, 220; condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307; in the twelfth century, 283-285; relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308; with London, 308, 309; mayor substituted for reeve, 310; town-life, _ib._, 311; barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227; Richard I. born at, 259; Friars settle in, ii. 12; Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4; blockade of, 19; "bargemen" of, i. 308; charters, 309; church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310; of St. Mary, 287, 288; Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129; merchant-gild, i. 308; Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323; Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309; Port-meadow, 296, 306; Provisions of, ii. 61; University of, i. 285-287; Gerald of Wales at, 285; a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42; study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294; foreign students at, 291; revival of theology at, ii. 14; Roger Bacon at, 16, 17; attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22; Wyclif at, 276; ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310; condemns him, 337; displaces his opponents, _ib._; Wykeham's College at, 308; Lollardry at, 339-341; Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161; decay of scholarship at, 98; revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202; Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265; Lutheranism at, 262, 263; forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292; opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162; religious changes in, 304; Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317; protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152; declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1; James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26; Jacobitism in, 184; Methodists at, 205; supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69 Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. _See_ Vere Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. _See_ Vere Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177 Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358 Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23 Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (_see_ Harley), vii. 145 Packenham, General, viii. 205 Palatinate, war in the, v. 220; the Elector driven from, 226; reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276 Pale, the English, in Ireland, ii. 374; divided into counties, 376 Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202 Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6