_Consolidation of the Byzantine System, or the Union of Church and State.--The consequent Paganization of Religion and Persecution of Philosophy._ _Political Necessity for the enforcement of Patristicism, or Science of the Fathers.--Its peculiar Doctrines._ _Obliteration of the Vestiges of Greek Knowledge by Patristicism.--The Libraries and Serapion of Alexandria.--Destruction of the latter by Theodosius.--Death of Hypatia.--Extinction of Learning in the East by Cyril, his Associates and Successors._ 308 CHAPTER XI. PREMATURE END OF THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE EAST. THE THREE ATTACKS, VANDAL, PERSIAN, ARAB. THE VANDAL ATTACK _leads to the Loss of Africa.--Recovery of that Province by Justinian after great Calamities._ THE PERSIAN ATTACK _leads to the Loss of Syria and Fall of Jerusalem.--The true Cross carried away as a Trophy.--Moral Impression of these Attacks._ THE ARAB ATTACK.--_Birth, Mission, and Doctrines of Mohammed.--Rapid Spread of his Faith in Asia and Africa.--Fall of Jerusalem.--Dreadful Losses of Christianity to Mohammedanism.--The Arabs become a learned Nation._ _Review of the Koran.--Reflexions on the Loss of Asia and Africa by Christendom._ 326 CHAPTER XII. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. _The Age of Faith in the West is marked by Paganism.--The Arabian military Attacks produce the Isolation and permit the Independence of the Bishop of Rome._ GREGORY THE GREAT _organizes the Ideas of his Age, materializes Faith, allies it to Art, rejects Science, and creates the Italian Form of Religion._ _An Alliance of the Papacy with France diffuses that Form.--Political History of the Agreement and Conspiracy of the Frankish Kings and the Pope.--The resulting Consolidation of the new Dynasty in France, and Diffusion of Roman Ideas.--Conversion of Europe._ _The Value of the Italian Form of Religion determined from the papal Biography._ 349 CHAPTER XIII. DIGRESSION ON THE PASSAGE OF THE ARABIANS TO THEIR AGE OF REASON. INFLUENCE OF MEDICAL IDEAS THROUGH THE NESTORIANS AND JEWS. _The intellectual Development of the Arabians is guided by the Nestorians and the Jews, and is in the Medical Direction.--The Basis of this Alliance is theological._ _Antagonism of the Byzantine System to Scientific Medicine.--Suppression of the Asclepions.--Their Replacement by Miracle-cure.--The resulting Superstition and Ignorance._ _Affiliation of the Arabians with the Nestorians and Jews._ _1st. The Nestorians, their Persecutions, and the Diffusion of their Sectarian Ideas.--They inherit the old Greek Medicine._