_Sub-digression on Greek Medicine.--The Asclepions.--Philosophical Importance of Hippocrates, who separates Medicine from Religion.--The School of Cnidos.--Its Suppression by Constantine._ _Sub-digression on Egyptian Medicine.--It is founded on Anatomy and Physiology.--Dissections and Vivisections.--The Great Alexandrian Physicians._ _2nd. The Jewish Physicians.--Their Emancipation from Superstition.--They found Colleges and promote Science and Letters._ _The contemporary Tendency to Magic, Necromancy, the Black Art.--The Philosopher's Stone, Elixir of Life, etc._ _The Arabs originate scientific Chemistry.--Discover the strong Acids, Phosphorus, etc.--Their geological Ideas.--Apply Chemistry to the Practice of Medicine.--Approach of the Conflict between the Saracenic material and the European supernatural System._ 383 CHAPTER XIV. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Continued_). IMAGE-WORSHIP AND THE MONKS. _Origin of_ IMAGE-WORSHIP.--_Inutility of Images discovered in Asia and Africa during the Saracen Wars.--Rise of Iconoclasm._ _The Emperors prohibit Image-worship.--The Monks, aided by court Females, sustain it.--Victory of the latter._ _Image-worship in the West sustained by the Popes.--Quarrel between the Emperor and the Pope.--The Pope, aided by the Monks, revolts and allies himself with the Franks._ THE MONKS.--_History of the Rise and Development of Monasticism.--Hermits and Coenobites.--Spread of Monasticism from Egypt over Europe.--Monk Miracles and Legends.--Humanization of the monastic Establishments.--They materialize Religion, and impress their Ideas on Europe._ 413 THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. CHAPTER I. ON THE GOVERNMENT OF NATURE BY LAW. _The subject of this Work proposed.--Its difficulty._ _Gradual Acquisition of the Idea of Natural Government by Law.--Eventually sustained by Astronomical, Meteorological, and Physiological Discoveries.--Illustrations from Kepler's Laws, the Trade-winds, Migrations of Birds, Balancing of Vegetable and Animal Life, Variation of Species and their Permanence._ _Individual Man is an Emblem of Communities, Nations, and Universal Humanity.--They exhibit Epochs of Life like his, and, like him are under the Control of Physical Conditions, and therefore of Law._ _Plan of this Work.--The Intellectual History of Greece.--Its Five characteristic Ages.--European Intellectual History._ _Grandeur of the Doctrine that the World is governed by Law._ [Sidenote: The subject proposed.] I intend, in this work, to consider in what manner the advancement of Europe in civilization has taken place, to ascertain how far its progress has been fortuitous, and how far determined by primordial law.