E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) Note: Project Gutenberg also has Volume I of this two-volume work. See https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31345 Transcribers' note: Text in italic font is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). The INDEX of this eBook also covers PG-eBook #31345, "History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume I (of 2), by John William Draper." See https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31345 HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. by JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D., Professor of Chemistry in the University of New York, Author of a "Treatise on Human Physiology," "Civil Policy of America," "History of the American Civil War," &c. REVISED EDITION, IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, Franklin Square. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by Harper & Brothers, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY. THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY REPULSE. _Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.--Attacks upon it._ _The Northern or moral Attack.--The Emperor of Germany insists on a reformation in the Papacy.--Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas, is made Pope.--They are both poisoned by the Italians._ _Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.--It originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over Authority.--The question of Transubstantiation.--Rise and development of Scholasticism.--Mutiny among the Monks._ _Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.--Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.--Is on the point of establishing a European Theocracy.--The Popes seize the military and monetary Resources of Europe through the Crusades._ CHAPTER II. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Continued_). THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM. _The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of Arabian Spain._ _Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.--Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in Algazzali.--Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences. Results to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics._ _The spread of Mohammedan light Literature is followed by Heresy.--The crushing of Heresy in the South of France by armed Force, the Inquisition, mendicant Orders, auricular Confession, and Casuistry._ _The rising Sentiment is embodied in Frederick II. in Sicily.--His Conflict with and Overthrow by the Pope.--Spread of Mutiny among the mendicant Orders._ CHAPTER III. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Continued_). OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL ATTACK.