_Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.--Publication of heretical Books.--The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the Apocalypse._ _Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.--Outrage upon and death of the Pope._ _The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.--Post-mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.--Causes and Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope._ _The Templars fall into Infidelity.--Their Trial, Conviction, and Punishment._ _Immoralities of the Papal Court at Avignon.--Its return to Rome.--Causes of the great Schism.--Disorganization of the Italian System.--Decomposition of the Papacy.--Three Popes._ _The Council of Constance attempts to convert the papal Autocracy into a constitutional Monarchy.--It murders John Huss and Jerome of Prague.--Pontificate of Nicolas V.--End of the intellectual influence of the Italian System._ CHAPTER IV. THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST--(_Concluded_). EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.--GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF FAITH. _The Fall of Constantinople.--Its momentary Effect on the Italian System._ GENERAL REVIEW OF THE INTELLECTUAL CONDITION IN THE AGE OF FAITH.--_Supernaturalism and its Logic spread all over Europe.--It is destroyed by the Jews and Arabians.--Its total Extinction._ _The Jewish Physicians.--Their Acquirements and Influence.--Their Collision with the Imposture-medicine of Europe.--Their Effect on the higher Classes.--Opposition to them._ _Two Impulses, the Intellectual and Moral, operating against the Mediæval state of Things.--Downfall of the Italian System through the intellectual Impulse from the West and the moral from the North.--Action of the former through Astronomy.--Origin of the moral Impulse.--Their conjoint irresistible Effect.--Discovery of the state of Affairs in Italy.--The Writings of Machiavelli.--What the Church had actually done._ _Entire Movement of the Italian System determined from a consideration of the four Revolts against it._ CHAPTER V. APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE. IT IS PRECEDED BY MARITIME DISCOVERY. _Consideration of the definite Epochs of Social Life._ _Experimental Philosophy emerging in the Age of Faith._ _The Age of Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery and the rise of European Criticism._ MARITIME DISCOVERY.--_The three great Voyages._ COLUMBUS _discovers America_.--DE GAMA _doubles the Cape and reaches India_.--MAGELLAN _circumnavigates the Earth.--The Material and intellectual Results of each of these Voyages._ DIGRESSION ON THE SOCIAL CONDITION OF AMERICA.--_In isolated human Societies the process of Thought and of Civilization is always the same.--Man passes through a determinate succession of Ideas and embodies them in determinate Institutions.--The state of Mexico and Peru proves the influence of Law in the development of Man._ CHAPTER VI. APPROACH OF THE AGE OF REASON IN EUROPE. IT IS PRECEDED BY THE RISE OF CRITICISM.