_Restoration of Greek Literature and Philosophy in Italy.--Development of Modern Languages and Rise of Criticism.--Imminent Danger to Latin Ideas._ _Invention of Printing.--It revolutionizes the Communication of Knowledge, especially acts on Public Worship, and renders the Pulpit secondary._ THE REFORMATION.--_Theory of Supererogation and Use of Indulgences. --The Right of Individual Judgment asserted.--Political History of the Origin, Culmination, and Check of the Reformation.--Its Effects in Italy._ _Causes of the Arrest of the Reformation.--Internal Causes in Protestantism.--External in the Policy of Rome.--The Counter-Reformation. --Inquisition.--Jesuits.--Secession of the great Critics.--Culmination of the Reformation in America.--Emergence of Individual Liberty of Thought._ CHAPTER VII. DIGRESSION ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND AT THE END OF THE AGE OF FAITH. RESULTS PRODUCED BY THE AGE OF FAITH. _Condition of England at the Suppression of the Monasteries._ _Condition of England at the close of the seventeenth Century.--Locomotion, Literature, Libraries.--Social and private Life of the Laity and Clergy.--Brutality in the Administration of Law.--Profligacy of Literature.--The Theatre, its three Phases.--Miracle, Moral, and Real Plays._ _Estimate of the Advance made in the Age of Faith.--Comparison with that already made in the Age of Reason._ CHAPTER VIII. THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON. REJECTION OF AUTHORITY AND TRADITION, AND ADOPTION OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH.--DISCOVERY OF THE TRUE POSITION OF THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE. _Ecclesiastical Attempt to enforce the_ GEOCENTRIC DOCTRINE _that the Earth is the Centre of the Universe, and the most important Body in it_. _The_ HELIOCENTRIC DOCTRINE _that the Sun is the Centre of the Solar System, and the Earth a small Planet, comes gradually into Prominence_. _Struggle between the Ecclesiastical and Astronomical Parties.--Activity of the Inquisition.--Burning of_ BRUNO.--_Imprisonment of_ GALILEO. INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE.--_Complete Overthrow of the Ecclesiastical Idea.--Rise of Physical Astronomy._--NEWTON.--_Rapid and resistless Development of all Branches of Natural Philosophy._ _Final Establishment of the Doctrine that the Universe is under the Dominion of mathematical, and, therefore, necessary Laws._ _Progress of Man from Anthropocentric Ideas to the Discovery of his true Position and Insignificance in the Universe._ CHAPTER IX. THE EUROPEAN AGE OF REASON--(_Continued_). HISTORY OF THE EARTH.--HER SUCCESSIVE CHANGES IN THE COURSE OF TIME. _Oriental and Occidental Doctrines respecting the Earth in Time.--Gradual Weakening of the latter by astronomical Facts, and the Rise of Scientific Geology._ _Impersonal Manner in which the Problem was eventually solved, chiefly through Facts connected with Heat._ _Proofs of limitless Duration from inorganic Facts.--Igneous and Aqueous Rocks._