“The poor Jews of Elm street and the rich Jews of Crosby street”――Rabbis Samuel M. Isaacs, Morris J. Raphall and Jacques J. Lyons――Sabato Morais――Kalish and Hübsch, the moderate reformers――Benjamin Szold――Dr. Marcus Jastrow’s career in three countries――Alexander Kohut――Russian Orthodoxy asserts itself in New York, and the Bet ha-Midrash ha-Godol is founded in 1852――Rabbi Abraham Joseph Ash and his various activities―― Charity work which remains subordinate to religious work in the synagogue. CHAPTER XXIII. INTERVENTION IN DAMASCUS. THE STRUGGLE AGAINST SWISS DISCRIMINATION. The Damascus Affair; the first occasion on which the Jews of the United States requested the government to intercede in behalf of persecuted Jews in another country――John Forsyth’s instructions to American representatives in Turkey, in which those requests were anticipated――A discrimination in a treaty with Switzerland to which President Fillmore objected, and which Clay and Webster disapproved――The case of a Jewish-American citizen in Neufchatel――Newspaper agitation, meetings and memorials against the Swiss treaty――President Buchanan’s emphatic declaration, and Minister Fay’s “Israelite Note” about the Jews of Alsace――Question is settled by the emancipation of the Swiss Jews. PART V. =THE CIVIL WAR AND THE FORMATIVE PERIOD.= CHAPTER XXIV. THE DISCUSSION ABOUT SLAVERY. LINCOLN AND THE JEWS. Pro-slavery tendencies of the aristocratic Spaniards and Portuguese――David Yulee (Levy)――Michael Heilprin and his reply to Rabbi Raphall’s _Bible View on Slavery_――Immigrants of the second period as opponents of slavery――Two Jewish delegates in the Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln, and one member of the Electoral College in 1860――Two other Jews officially participate in Lincoln’s renomination and re-election in 1864―― Abraham Jonas――Encouragement from the Scripture in original Hebrew. CHAPTER XXV. PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN THE CIVIL WAR. JUDAH P. BENJAMIN. Probable number of Jews in the United States at the time of the outbreak of the Civil War――Seddon’s estimate of “from ten to twelve thousand Jews in the Southern Army”――Judah P. Benjamin, the greatest Jew in American public life――His early life and his marriage――Whig politician, planter and slave owner――Elected to the United States Senate and re-elected as a Democrat――Quits Washington when Louisiana seceded and enters the cabinet of the Confederacy――Attorney-General, Secretary of War and Secretary of State――His foreign policy――His capacity for work――When all is lost he goes to England and becomes one of its great lawyers――His last days are spent in France.