CHAPTER XXVI. DISTINGUISHED SERVICES OF JEWS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE STRUGGLE. More “brothers in arms” and a larger proportion of officers in the Confederate Army than in that of the North, because most Southern Jews were natives of the country――Some distinguished officers――A gallant private who later became a rabbi――Paucity of Southern records――Generals Knefler, Solomon, Blumenberg, Joachimsen and other officers of high rank in the Union Army――New York ranks first, Ohio second and Illinois third in the number of Jews who went to the front――Two Pennsylvania regiments which started with Jewish colonels――Commodore Uriah P. Levy, the ranking officer of the United States navy at the time of the outbreak of the war, is prevented by age from taking part in it. CHAPTER XXVII. THE FORMATIVE PERIOD AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. Ebb and flow of immigration between 1850 and 1880――Decrease and practical stoppage of Jewish immigration from Germany――The breathing spell between two periods of immigration, and the preparation for the vast influx which was to follow――The period of great charitable institutions――Organization and consolidation――The Hebrew Union College and the Union of American Hebrew Congregations――The Independent Order B’nai B’rith――Other large fraternal organizations and their usefulness――Important local institutions in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, etc. CHAPTER XXVIII. NEW SYNAGOGUES AND TEMPLES. IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA PRIOR TO 1880. Continued increase in the wealth and importance of the German-Jewish congregations――New and spacious synagogues and temples erected in various parts of the country in the “sixties” and the “seventies”――Problems of Russian-Jewish immigration prior to 1880――Economic condition of the Jewish masses in Russia worse in the “golden era” than under Nicholas I.―― Emigration from Russia after the famine of 1867–68 and after the pogrom of Odessa in 1871――Presumption of the existence of a Hebrew reading public in New York in 1868――The first Hebrew and Yiddish periodicals. PART VI. =THE THIRD OR RUSSIAN PERIOD OF IMMIGRATION.= CHAPTER XXIX. THE INFLUX AFTER THE ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS IN RUSSIA IN 1881.